End-Effector Taxonomy — Family Index

A vendor- and part-number-level catalog of industrial end-of-arm tooling (EOAT): every gripper morphology in production use, with manufacturer, flagship product line, key specs, mounting interface, and comms protocol. Companion to [[Robotics/Tier3/end-effectors-zoo]] (which is morphology-narrative) — this note is product-table-first, organized so a designer can resolve a sourcing question in a single glance.

1. Mounting interfaces — the boundary condition

Every gripper in the tables below bolts to one of these flanges. Mass and moment-arm budgets count from this plane outward.

StandardBolt patternCenteringTypical use
ISO 9409-1-50-4-M64 × M6 on Ø50 mmØ31.5 mm bossCobot wrist default (UR, Doosan, Techman, Kassow, Franka, ABB GoFa)
ISO 9409-1-A504 × M6 on Ø50 mmØ40 mm bossOlder industrial wrist, small-frame
ISO 9409-1-A636 × M6 on Ø63 mmØ50 mm bossMid-frame industrial (ABB IRB 1600/2600, KUKA KR Agilus)
ISO 9409-1-A806 × M8 on Ø80 mmØ63 mm bossHeavy industrial (Fanuc M-20, ABB IRB 4600, KUKA KR Quantec)
ISO 9409-1-A1256 × M10 on Ø125 mmØ100 mm bossPayload-class arms (Fanuc M-410, KUKA KR Fortec)
Fanuc J6 proprietary4 × M6 / 4 × M8Vendor bossFanuc-specific wrist flanges
Kawasaki J6 proprietary6 × M6Vendor bossKawasaki BX/RS series

2. Parallel-jaw 2-finger — electric

Electric servo-actuated parallel grippers. The cobot and modern factory default. Specs as published by the vendor at 6 bar / nominal current.

ModelManufacturerStroke (mm)Force (N)Payload (kg)Cycle (ms)RepeatabilityMass (kg)MountCommsPrice tier
Hand-ERobotiq5060-1854250±0.05 mm0.96ISO 9409-1-50RS-485, URCap, EtherNet/IPMid
2F-85Robotiq8520-2355400±0.05 mm0.93ISO 9409-1-50RS-485, URCapMid
2F-140Robotiq14010-1252.5600±0.08 mm1.0ISO 9409-1-50RS-485, URCapMid
3F AdaptiveRobotiq15515-60 per finger101100±0.05 mm2.3ISO 9409-1-50RS-485, EtherCAT, EtherNet/IPHigh
RG2OnRobot1103-402500±0.1 mm0.78ISO 9409-1-50URCap, Modbus TCP, EtherNet/IPMid
RG6OnRobot15025-1206600±0.1 mm1.25ISO 9409-1-50URCap, Modbus TCPMid
2FG7OnRobot703-14011250±0.1 mm1.1ISO 9409-1-50URCap, EtherNet/IP, PROFINETMid
2FG14OnRobot14010-14014500±0.1 mm1.45ISO 9409-1-50URCap, EtherNet/IPMid
3FG15OnRobot15010-24015600±0.1 mm1.55ISO 9409-1-50URCap, EtherNet/IPHigh
EGP 25Schunk81100.480±0.02 mm0.27ISO 9409-1-A40Digital I/OMid
EGP 40Schunk122401.0130±0.02 mm0.6ISO 9409-1-A50Digital I/OMid
EGP 50Schunk164902.5170±0.02 mm1.05ISO 9409-1-A50Digital I/OMid
EGP-C 40Schunk121401.0130±0.02 mm0.6ISO 9409-1-A50PROFINET, EtherCAT, Cobot-ratedMid
EGI 80Schunk802504600±0.02 mm1.6ISO 9409-1-A63IO-Link, PROFINETHigh
EGK 40Schunk831504800±0.05 mm1.7ISO 9409-1-A50IO-Link, PROFINETHigh
EGK 50Schunk1052206900±0.05 mm2.5ISO 9409-1-A63IO-Link, PROFINETHigh
RCP6-GRSLIAI501001.5300±0.03 mm0.8M4×4Pulse, EtherCAT, CC-Link IEMid
RCP6-GRSMLIAI76801.5400±0.05 mm1.0M4×4Pulse, EtherCATMid
LEHF20K2SMC201100.5200±0.05 mm0.5M5×4EtherCAT, EtherNet/IP, PROFINETMid
LEHF40K2SMC403502.0300±0.05 mm1.2M5×4EtherCAT, IO-LinkMid
HGPL-25Festo50951.0280±0.03 mm0.55ISO 9409-1-A50IO-Link, EtherCATMid
EHPS-16Festo161500.8200±0.02 mm0.45ProprietaryIO-LinkMid
GPP5010NCZimmer102700.7100±0.02 mm0.4ISO 9409-1-A40Digital I/O, IO-LinkMid
GPP5050ILZimmer5011004.0550±0.02 mm1.8ISO 9409-1-A63IO-LinkHigh
GEH6040Zimmer402203.0350±0.03 mm1.1ISO 9409-1-A50EtherCAT, PROFINETHigh
Co-act EGL-CSchunk804508.01400±0.05 mm2.3ISO 9409-1-A50PROFINET, IO-Link, cobotHigh

3. Parallel-jaw 2-finger — pneumatic

Compressed-air actuated. Industrial workhorse. Force spec at 6 bar (90 psi) supply; derate ~17%/bar below.

ModelManufacturerStroke/side (mm)Force at 6 bar (N)Cycle (ms)RepeatabilityMass (kg)MountComms
PGN-plus 40Schunk314580±0.01 mm0.16ISO 9409-1-A40Reed/Hall sensor
PGN-plus 100Schunk8700100±0.02 mm0.93ISO 9409-1-A63Reed/Hall sensor
PGN-plus 200Schunk164250200±0.03 mm5.8ISO 9409-1-A100Reed/Hall sensor
PGN-plus 380Schunk4321300800±0.05 mm65ISO 9409-1-A160Reed/Hall sensor
PZN-plus 64Schunk (3-jaw)6850130±0.02 mm0.75ISO 9409-1-A50Reed sensor
PZN-plus 240Schunk (3-jaw)2514000500±0.03 mm24ISO 9409-1-A125Reed sensor
PGB 100Schunk (long-stroke)50380600±0.05 mm1.4ISO 9409-1-A63Reed sensor
PGB 240Schunk (long-stroke)10022001100±0.08 mm12ISO 9409-1-A100Reed sensor
MHL2-10DSMC2030100±0.05 mm0.18M3×4Reed/Hall
MHL2-25DSMC50170150±0.05 mm0.7M5×4Reed/Hall
MHL2-40DSMC80470200±0.07 mm1.7M6×4Reed/Hall
MHS3-16DSMC (3-jaw)57080±0.05 mm0.13M3×3Reed
MHS3-40DSMC (3-jaw)12750140±0.06 mm1.0M5×3Reed
HGPL-14Festo (long-stroke)2560150±0.03 mm0.25M3×4Reed/Hall
HGPL-25Festo50245200±0.04 mm0.85M5×4Reed/Hall
HGPL-40Festo100720300±0.05 mm2.4M6×4Reed/Hall
HGPL-63Festo1801860600±0.08 mm7.0M8×4Reed/Hall
HGWM-16Festo (wide-jaw)1650100±0.03 mm0.13M3×4Reed
HGDS-25Festo (3-jaw)4280110±0.03 mm0.34M5×3Reed
HGPC-25Festo (3-point centric)6195100±0.02 mm0.4M5×3Reed
GP-3-080Sommer-automatic (3-jaw)8950120±0.03 mm1.1ISO 9409-1-A50Reed/Hall
MGP-100Sommer-automatic12690110±0.02 mm0.95ISO 9409-1-A50Reed

4. Three-finger and dexterous hands

Multi-finger configurations: 3-jaw centric chucks aside, the dexterous-hand class covers 3-finger underactuated grippers through 24-DoF anthropomorphic research hands.

ModelManufacturerFingersActive DoFTotal DoFPayload (kg)Force/finger (N)Mass (kg)MountCommsTier
3F AdaptiveRobotiq341110602.3ISO 9409-1-50Modbus RTU, EtherNet/IPIndustrial
3FG15OnRobot313152401.55ISO 9409-1-50URCap, EtherNet/IPIndustrial
BarrettHand BH8-282Barrett Technology3486151.18ISO 9409-1-A50CAN, SerialResearch
BarrettHand BH8-280 (legacy)Barrett Technology3486151.18CustomCAN, SerialResearch
Allegro Hand v4Wonik Robotics416161.551.0CustomCAN, ROS driverResearch
Allegro Hand v5Wonik Robotics416161.550.85CustomCAN-FD, EtherCAT, ROS 2Research
Shadow Dexterous Hand E3M5Shadow Robot Co.5202448-104.3Forearm-mountEtherCAT, ROSResearch
Shadow LiteShadow Robot Co.5913261.9ISO 9409-1-50EtherCATResearch
SVH 5-fingerSchunk59201.5101.3ISO 9409-1-50RS-232, CAN, EtherCATIndustrial/Research
Pisa/IIT SoftHandqb Robotics / IIT5119280.5ISO 9409-1-50RS-485, ROSResearch
qb SoftHand2qb Robotics52192100.74ISO 9409-1-50RS-485Research
RBO Hand 2TU Berlin / RBO57 (pneu)240.550.18CustomAir manifoldResearch
RBO Hand 3TU Berlin / RBO58281.070.3CustomAir manifoldResearch
iCub Hand v3IIT (iCub research)59190.540.45Forearm-mountCAN, YARPResearch
HRP-4 HandKawada / AIST56121.080.7WristRS-485Research
InMoov HandInMoov (open-source)55110.530.3CustomPWM servoHobby/Research
Adroit HandWonik / OpenAI524241.584.0ForearmEtherCATResearch (legacy)
DLR-HIT Hand IIDLR + HIT515151.5101.5CustomCAN-OpenResearch
Tesla Optimus Hand v2Tesla511229201.2Tesla-wristEtherCAT (internal)Humanoid platform
Figure 02 HandFigure AI5161625 (carry)30unpublishedFigure-wristEtherCAT (internal)Humanoid platform
Apollo HandApptronik512202525unpublishedApptronik-wristEtherCAT (internal)Humanoid platform
Sanctuary Phoenix HandSanctuary AI521212525unpublishedSanctuary-wristEtherCAT (internal)Humanoid platform

5. Suction / vacuum grippers

Three sub-classes: single cup heads, multi-cup area arrays, integrated cup-plus-ejector cobot tools. Cup material selection (NBR / silicone / PUR / EPDM / HNBR) is orthogonal to all of these.

5.1 Cobot-class vacuum tools

ModelManufacturerCupsCup typeMax payload (kg)Vacuum sourceVacuum levelMass (kg)MountComms
VG10OnRobot16 zonesModular15Built-in electric pump-75 kPa1.6ISO 9409-1-50URCap, EtherNet/IP
VGC10OnRobotSingle, customizableNBR/silicone15Built-in electric pump-75 kPa0.81ISO 9409-1-50URCap, EtherNet/IP
VGP20OnRobotUp to 20 zonesModular20Built-in electric pump-75 kPa2.1ISO 9409-1-50URCap, EtherNet/IP
ECBPi 12Schmalz1-4NBR/SI/PUR/HNBR8Battery-electric pump-85 kPa0.55ISO 9409-1-50IO-Link, URCap
FXP-SVKSchmalzArea padFoam-faced silicone25External or built-in ejector-80 kPa1.8ISO 9409-1-A63Digital I/O
piCOMPACT 23Piab1-2NBR/SI2Multi-stage Coanda-85 kPa0.18M5×2IO-Link
piPUMP M3Piab1NBR/SI5Brushless DC pump-85 kPa0.75ISO 9409-1-50IO-Link
piGRIP universalPiab16 zonesSilicone35External Coanda or pump-85 kPa1.9ISO 9409-1-A63IO-Link
CFGC 50CovalUp to 9Silicone foam12Multi-stage Coanda-80 kPa1.0ISO 9409-1-50IO-Link
ASI VG-DUOASIUp to 8NBR/SI10Built-in electric-78 kPa1.4ISO 9409-1-50URCap, Digital I/O
EGM-100SchmalzArea padClosed-cell foam30External ejector-80 kPa2.5ISO 9409-1-A63Digital I/O
FMP seriesSchmalzMulti-bellowsNBR/SI0.5-5/cupExternal-80 kPavariesM5 threadNone (passive)
FXCBSchmalzClosed-cell padEPDM foam50External-60 kPa3.5CustomDigital I/O

5.2 Ejectors and vacuum generators (mounted on EOAT)

ModelManufacturerTypeFlow (NL/min)Vacuum (-kPa)Mass (g)Comms
SCMSchmalzMulti-stage Coanda30-260-8560-450IO-Link variants
pi-MICROPiabCompact Coanda13-50-8535-90IO-Link
pi-MIDIPiabStack Coanda30-200-90200-700IO-Link
VN-05/07/10FestoCoanda10-90-8525-180IO-Link
ZK2 seriesSMCMulti-stage20-160-8850-300IO-Link
LEMcupCovalCoanda + Bernoulli hybrid30-90-5080Pressure switch

6. Magnetic grippers

ModelManufacturerTypeHold force (kg ferrous)Power for holdSwitch mechanismMass (kg)Mount
AR70MagswitchPermanent on/off70NoneMechanical lever0.45M6×4
AR125MagswitchPermanent on/off125NoneMechanical lever1.1M8×4
AR200MagswitchPermanent on/off200NoneMechanical lever or pneumatic2.7ISO 9409-1-A63
MagJig 60MagswitchPermanent on/off27NoneManual knob0.32M6×4
MGS-30SchmalzElectro-permanent30Pulse to switchElectrical pulse0.7ISO 9409-1-50
MGS-60SchmalzElectro-permanent60Pulse to switchElectrical pulse1.6ISO 9409-1-A50
MGS-200SchmalzElectro-permanent200Pulse to switchElectrical pulse4.8ISO 9409-1-A63
Tecnomagnete MaxXSPD / TecnomagneteElectro-permanent100-3000PulseElectrical pulse2-50Custom
EOAT MAGGoudsmitElectro-permanent50-1500PulseElectrical pulse1-40ISO 9409-1-A63/A100
HoldMag EPMEclipse MagneticsElectro-permanent80-800PulseElectrical pulse1.5-25Custom
RoboticGrip 1000WalmagElectromagnet100024 V DC continuousPower-on hold12Custom
GoudsmitElectroGoudsmitPure electromagnet30-200024 V DC continuousPower-on hold0.8-60Custom

7. Soft, jamming, and unconventional grippers

ModelManufacturerClassPayload (kg)Cycle (ms)Mass (kg)MountCommsNotable application
mGrip 2F / 3FSoft Robotics Inc.Pneumatic-elastomer0.5-34000.4-0.8ISO 9409-1-50Digital I/OBakery, produce
mGripAISoft Robotics Inc.Pneumatic + AI vision1.55001.2ISO 9409-1-50EtherNet/IP, URCapPoultry, meat
SuperPickSoft Robotics Inc.Vision + suction + soft2.56002.5ISO 9409-1-50EtherNet/IPE-commerce induction
Soft Gripper 3FOnRobotSilicone star cup2.23500.4ISO 9409-1-50URCap, Digital I/OFragile food
VERSABALL (legacy)Empire RoboticsParticle jamming13000.5CustomAir manifoldDiscontinued — academic ref
JamGripper (research)Cornell + iRobotCoffee-bean granular jamming0.5-22000.3CustomAirResearch
Gecko SP1OnRobotDry adhesive (gecko setae)6.53000.94ISO 9409-1-50URCapGlass, solar panel
Gecko SP2OnRobotDry adhesive113501.2ISO 9409-1-50URCap, EtherNet/IPComposite panels
Grabit ElectroadhesiveGrabit Inc.Electrostatic film5 (sheet)2501.6CustomRS-485Fabric, packaging
Festo BionicSoftHandFestoPneumatic 5-finger soft0.510000.22CustomAir manifoldResearch
BionicCobot end-of-armFestoSoft + cobot1.58000.4CustomAirResearch
HGPM-08FestoNeedle gripper (textiles)0.21000.06M3×4ReedHeadliners, upholstery
Pinch RPNWelltecNeedle, biopsy class0.052000.02CustomSolenoidMedical
SLG-10/25/40FestoBernoulli (non-contact)0.5-5n/a0.2-0.8M5×4Pressure switchWafer, glass
LEMcup BernoulliCovalBernoulli + Coanda hybrid0.5-4n/a0.18M5×4Pressure switchOptical lenses
Cryogenic CryoGripMarelCryogenic gel1-31200 (freeze)1.5CustomLiquid N2 manifoldBoneless poultry
Artimus HASELArtimus RoboticsElectrohydraulic HASEL0.1-2500.05-0.3CustomHV controllerResearch, R&D

8. Specialty wafer / semiconductor end-effectors

For ISO Class 1-5 cleanroom Front Opening Unified Pod (FOUP) and Side Storage Pod (SSP) handling. Atmosphere may be N2 / vacuum / air. Wafer sizes 200 / 300 / 450 mm.

ModelManufacturerClassWafer size (mm)Wafer mass (g)End-effector typePick methodComms
GB-SeriesBrooks AutomationAtmospheric / vacuum200/300130Single-blade vacuumBackside vacuum chuckEtherCAT, PROFINET
MagnaTran 7Brooks AutomationVacuum cluster tool300130Magnetic-coupled robotEdge-contact ceramicEtherCAT
Sapience 300YaskawaAtmospheric EFEM200/300130Dual-blade ceramicBernoulli or vacuumMotoPlus, EtherCAT
Genmark GB-8Genmark AutomationAtmospheric200/300130Single/dual bladeVacuum or edge-gripEtherCAT
Genmark GENCobotGenmarkVacuum300130Atmospheric SCARAVacuum / BernoulliEtherCAT
TARP-300DaihenVacuum cluster300130Dual-blade direct-driveEdge-contactEtherCAT
EPSON CR1Seiko EpsonAtmospheric SCARA200/300130Custom EEFVacuum / edge-gripEtherNet/IP
Equipe Tech (now Brooks)BrooksAtmospheric / sorter200/300130Edge or vacuum bladeEdge or vacuumEtherCAT
Adept SmartMotion (legacy)Omron (Adept)Atmospheric200130Vacuum bladeBackside vacuumDeviceNet
RORZE RR700RORZEAtmospheric200/300130Vacuum bladeVacuumEtherCAT
Kawasaki NT-seriesKawasakiAtmospheric / vacuum200/300/450130/450Bernoulli or edgeBernoulliEtherCAT

9. F/T sensors mounted at the wrist

Stack between robot flange and EOAT for closed-loop force / impedance / hand-guiding.

ModelManufacturerAxesFx,y range (N)Fz range (N)Tx,y range (Nm)ResolutionMass (g)Comms
FT300-SRobotiq6300300300.1 N / 0.005 Nm300URCap, RS-485
HEX-E v3OnRobot6200200100.2 N / 0.02 Nm350URCap, EtherNet/IP
HEX-H v3OnRobot6500500200.5 N / 0.05 Nm380URCap, EtherNet/IP
Mini40ATI Industrial Automation6406021/200 N200EtherNet, CAN, EtherCAT, USB
Mini45ATI614529051/16 N220EtherCAT, EtherNet/IP
GammaATI6130400101/40 N750EtherCAT, RS-422
ThetaATI66601980601/8 N1200EtherCAT, EtherNet/IP
Omega160ATI6250062504005/8 N7400EtherCAT, EtherNet/IP
Axia80-M50ATI (cobot)6500900200.05 N200URCap, EtherCAT
Nano17ATI617170.121/320 N9.5DAQ-only
KMS40Bota Systems620020060.025 N270EtherCAT
RokubiBota Systems625050080.05 N290EtherCAT

10. Process tools mounted as end-effectors

Welding, painting, dispensing, drilling, screwdriving — when the robot becomes a process-carrier instead of a pick-and-place machine.

ToolManufacturerClassMass (kg)Power / supplyMountComms
Servo spot weld gun X-typeARO / DeStaCoResistance spot weld50-150480 V AC weld + servoISO 9409-1-A125EtherNet/IP, ProfiNet
Servo spot weld gun C-typeCenterline / DoncastersResistance spot weld60-180480 V AC + servoISO 9409-1-A125EtherNet/IP
Aluweld ACBosch RexrothMIG aluminum8400 V + wire feedISO 9409-1-A80EtherCAT
Power Wave R450Lincoln ElectricMIG/MAG arc7.5400 V + wire feedISO 9409-1-A50DeviceNet, EtherNet/IP
Aristo Mig 5000iESABMIG/MAG7400 V + wire feedISO 9409-1-A50DeviceNet, EtherNet/IP
InobellSames KremlinRotary atomizer paint4HV electrostatic + airCustom paint flangeCANopen
ProBellGracoRotary atomizer paint3.5HV + airCustomCANopen
ProMix PD2KGracoAdhesive plural-component5Multi-component pumpCustomEtherNet/IP
Nordson EFD UltimusPlusNordsonBead/dot dispenser1.224 V + airM6×4EtherNet/IP, Digital I/O
Atlas Copco IxBAtlas CopcoCordless servo screwdriver1.8Battery 18 VM6×4Wi-Fi, EtherNet/IP
Bosch NEXOBoschCordless servo screwdriver1.8Battery 18 VM6×4Wi-Fi
HUCK 256Howmet (HUCK)Rivet installer4HydraulicISO 9409-1-A63Digital I/O
Atlas Copco PF6000Atlas CopcoServo nutrunner2.5-12400 V servoISO 9409-1-A50EtherNet/IP, PROFINET
RAH 8SchunkCompliant deburring spindle1.6PneumaticISO 9409-1-A50Digital I/O
OPHSchunkPolishing spindle (compliant)2.4Pneumatic + electricISO 9409-1-A50Digital I/O
QR-spindlePferd / SUHNERGrinding spindle2.5PneumaticISO 9409-1-A63Digital I/O

11. Tool changers — quick-change for cells using multiple EOAT

ModelManufacturerPayload (kg)Moment (Nm)Pneu pass-throughElectrical pass-throughMass (kg)Mount
QC-11ATI3812×0.18ISO 9409-1-A40
QC-21ATI83019×0.4ISO 9409-1-A50
QC-41ATI3520019×1.2ISO 9409-1-A63
QC-160ATI160200024×5.6ISO 9409-1-A100
QC-360ATI1300750024×25ISO 9409-1-A160
SWS-005Schunk51214×0.18ISO 9409-1-A40
SWS-041Schunk3517519×1.0ISO 9409-1-A63
SWS-310Schunk1000500024×20ISO 9409-1-A160
RAB 90Stäubli2510016×0.8ISO 9409-1-A50
Quick ChangerOnRobot20401×8-pin0.21ISO 9409-1-50
Dual Quick ChangerOnRobot20401×8-pin (each side)0.45ISO 9409-1-50

12. Decision matrix — task → gripper family

TaskFirst-choice gripperBackup
Pick-and-place rigid parts on cobotRobotiq 2F-85 or Schunk EGP-C 40OnRobot RG2
Pick-and-place rigid parts industrialSchunk PGN-plus 100/200 pneumaticSMC MHL2-40D
Long-stroke universal cobot (variable parts)OnRobot 2FG14 or Schunk EGK 50Robotiq 2F-140
CNC machine-tend chuck partSchunk EGK 50 + sensor or Sommer GP-3 3-jawSchunk PZN-plus pneumatic
Bin-pick e-commerce parcelSoft Robotics SuperPick (vacuum + soft fallback)OnRobot VGP20 zoned vacuum
Food poultry / produce / bakerySoft Robotics mGrip / mGripAIOnRobot Soft Gripper 3F
Cleanroom optical glassSchmalz FMP silicone bellows + Festo SLG BernoulliCoval LEMcup
Sheet-metal palletizing (steel)Magswitch AR200 + Schmalz FXP suction comboGoudsmit EOAT MAG
Sheet-metal handling (aluminum)Schmalz FXP foam padPiab piGRIP zoned
Auto BIW spot weldServo X-gun (ARO / Centerline)C-gun
Auto paint (rotary atomizer)Sames InobellGraco ProBell
Wafer / FOUP handlingBrooks GB-Series or Yaskawa Sapience 300Genmark GB-8
Solar panel / large glassOnRobot Gecko SP2Schmalz FXP large pad
Fabric / paper / filmGrabit electroadhesiveFesto HGPM needle
Boneless poultry / meatSoft Robotics mGripAI or Marel CryoGripOnRobot Soft Gripper
Headliner / textile / foam pickupFesto HGPM needle gripperPneumatic needle array
Surgical instrument handlingda Vinci EndoWrist (closed)n/a
Dexterous research manipulationShadow Hand E3M5 or Allegro v5qb SoftHand2
Humanoid platform end-effectorTesla Optimus / Figure / Apptronik in-houseShadow Hand Lite

13. Selection checklist

Before ordering, verify each row from [[Robotics/end-effectors]] Section 13. The critical numbers to compute first: payload sum at wrist (part + EOAT + F/T + cables) versus arm rating at full reach; CoM offset moment; stroke versus part tolerance + presentation error; flow / volume / cycle for vacuum sizing; cleanroom or food-grade certification; supply (electric / pneumatic / vacuum / coolant).

Adjacent