Pilgrimage Sites and Religious Calendar Catalog

A reference catalog of the major pilgrimage sites and the principal festivals of the world’s religions. The first half lists destinations with tradition, location, ritual obligation, and annual attendance where established. The second half is a calendar of festivals month by month, giving date system (solar / lunar / luni-solar), tradition, and significance. Use this when sequencing fieldwork, scheduling content, or citing the ritual year.


I. Pilgrimage Sites — Islam

SiteLocationTraditionSignificanceAnnual attendance
Mecca — Masjid al-Haram + the Ka’baMecca, Saudi ArabiaSunni + ShiaHajj (5th pillar of Islam) during Dhū al-Ḥijjah 8–13; Umrah year-round~2.5 M Hajj pilgrims (pre-pandemic 2019); ~10–20 M Umrah
Madinah — Al-Masjid an-NabawiMadinah, Saudi ArabiaSunni + ShiaProphet Muhammad’s mosque + tomb; visit recommended after Hajj~10 M+
Al-Aqsa / Masjid al-AqsaJerusalemSunni + ShiaThird-holiest site; site of the Isra’ and Mi’rajrestricted access
Karbala — Shrine of Imam HusaynKarbala, IraqShiaArba’een — 40th day after Ashura — largest annual gathering in the world~25–30 M (2023)
Najaf — Shrine of Imam AliNajaf, IraqShiaTomb of Ali ibn Abi Talib (d. 661); historic center of Twelver scholarshipseveral million annually
Kadhimiya — Shrines of 7th + 9th ImamsBaghdad, IraqShiaal-Kazim + al-Jawad shrinesseveral million
Samarra — Al-Askari ShrineSamarra, IraqShia10th + 11th Imams; site where the 12th Imam went into occultation 874(bombed 2006; restored)
Mashhad — Imam Reza ShrineMashhad, IranShia8th Imam (d. 818)~25 M annually (largest in Iran)
Qom — Fatima Masumeh ShrineQom, IranShiaSister of Imam Reza; theological center~20 M annually
Touba — Mosque of ToubaTouba, SenegalSufi MuridiyyaMagal pilgrimage 18 Safar; tomb of Amadou Bamba~5 M
Ajmer Sharif — Dargah of Mu’in al-Din ChishtiAjmer, IndiaSufi ChishtiUrs festival 6th Rajab~0.5–1 M at Urs
Konya — Tomb of RumiKonya, TurkeySufi MevleviŞeb-i Arus ceremonies 17 Dec annual death anniversary~3 M+ visitors

II. Pilgrimage Sites — Judaism and Christianity

SiteLocationTraditionSignificanceNotes
Western Wall (Kotel)JerusalemJudaismLast surviving retaining wall of the Second Temple; principal Jewish pilgrimage site since 1967Open access; large crowds at Shavuot, Tisha B’Av
Temple Mount / Har HaBayitJerusalemJudaismSite of First + Second Temples; status quo limits Jewish prayer; visits encouraged by some rabbinic authorities since 1980sStatus quo contested
Hebron — Cave of the Patriarchs (Tomb of the Patriarchs)Hebron, West BankJudaism + Islam (Ibrahimi Mosque)Traditional burial of Abraham, Sarah, Isaac, Rebecca, Jacob, LeahStatus quo divided
Tomb of RachelBethlehemJudaismBurial place of Rachel, wife of Jacobregulated access
Meron — Tomb of Rabbi Shimon bar YochaiMt Meron, IsraelJudaism (esp. Hasidic)Lag B’Omer pilgrimage~500 k at Lag B’Omer
UmanUman, UkraineHasidic Judaism (Breslov)Tomb of Rabbi Nachman of Breslov (1772–1810); annual Rosh Hashanah gathering~30–40 k annually (pre-2022)
Church of the Holy SepulchreJerusalemChristianity (Catholic + Greek Orthodox + Armenian + Coptic + Ethiopian + Syriac)Site of Crucifixion + Resurrection per tradition since Constantine 326~3 M+ visitors
Bethlehem — Church of the NativityBethlehemChristianitySite of Christ’s birthseveral million
Nazareth — Basilica of the AnnunciationNazareth, IsraelCatholic + OrthodoxSite of the Annunciation~2 M+
Vatican — St Peter’s Basilica + St Peter’s SquareVatican CityCatholicTomb of St Peter; papal masses + canonizations~7 M annually
Rome — Four Major BasilicasRomeCatholicHoly Year (Jubilee) pilgrimages — 2025 ordinary Jubilee~30+ M in Jubilee years
Lourdes — Sanctuary of Our Lady of LourdesLourdes, FranceCatholicApparitions to Bernadette 1858; healing waters~6 M annually
Fátima — Sanctuary of Our Lady of FátimaFátima, PortugalCatholicApparitions 1917; pilgrimage 13 May + 13 Oct~5 M annually
Santiago de CompostelaGalicia, SpainCatholicTomb of St James the Greater; Camino routes (Camino Francés, Portugués, Norte, del Norte, Primitivo)~450 k completed Camino in 2023
Czestochowa — Jasna GóraCzestochowa, PolandCatholicBlack Madonna icon; principal Polish pilgrimage~4–5 M annually
Knock — Knock ShrineKnock, IrelandCatholicApparition 1879~1.5 M
Guadalupe — Basilica of Our Lady of GuadalupeMexico CityCatholicApparition to Juan Diego 1531; most-visited Marian shrine in the world~20 M annually (~10 M on 12 Dec feast)
AparecidaSão Paulo state, BrazilCatholicNational patroness of Brazil~12 M annually
Mt AthosHalkidiki, GreeceGreek OrthodoxTwenty monasteries; men-only since 1046~50 k male pilgrims
Meteora monasteriesThessaly, GreeceGreek OrthodoxSix clifftop monasteries (14th–16th c)~2 M annually (mostly tourists)
Mt Sinai — St Catherine’s MonasterySouth Sinai, EgyptGreek OrthodoxBurning Bush site; founded 565 by Justinianrestricted access
EtchmiadzinVagharshapat, ArmeniaArmenian ApostolicMother See; founded 301(regional pilgrimage)
LalibelaLalibela, EthiopiaEthiopian Orthodox TewahedoEleven rock-hewn churches, 12th c~100 k+ at Genna (Ethiopian Christmas)
Mt Tabor — Church of the TransfigurationMt Tabor, IsraelCatholic + OrthodoxTraditional site of Transfiguration(regional)

III. Pilgrimage Sites — Hinduism

SiteLocationTraditionSignificanceAnnual attendance
Kumbh Mela — Prayagraj (Allahabad)Confluence of Ganga, Yamuna, Saraswati, Uttar PradeshPan-Hindu12-year Purna Kumbh; 144-year Maha Kumbh (last 2025)Maha Kumbh 2025: ~660 M attendances over 45 days (Indian govt figures) — largest religious gathering ever
Kumbh Mela — HaridwarHaridwar, UttarakhandPan-Hindu12-year cycle~100 M+ over festival
Kumbh Mela — NashikNashik, MaharashtraPan-Hindu12-year cycletens of millions
Kumbh Mela — Ujjain (Simhastha)Ujjain, Madhya PradeshPan-Hindu12-year cycletens of millions
Varanasi (Kashi)UP, IndiaPan-HinduHoliest city; cremation at Manikarnika Ghat; Vishwanath Temple~7 M+ annually
Char Dham (small)Yamunotri + Gangotri + Kedarnath + Badrinath, UttarakhandVaishnava + ShaivaHimalayan circuit~5 M annually (May–Oct season)
Char Dham (great)Badrinath + Dwarka + Puri + RameshwaramPan-HinduNational four-corner circuit defined by Adi Shankara~10 M+ across sites
Puri — Jagannath TempleOdishaVaishnavaRath Yatra in Ashadha~1 M+ at Rath Yatra
Tirupati — Venkateswara TempleTirumala, Andhra PradeshVaishnavaOne of the richest temples in the world~30–40 M annually
Vaishno DeviTrikuta Hills, JammuShaktaCave shrine to Mata Vaishno Devi~9 M annually
Sabarimala — Ayyappa TemplePathanamthitta, KeralaShaiva-Vaishnava synthesis (Ayyappa)Mandala Pooja (Nov–Jan); contested gender access~25–30 M annually during season
Vrindavan + MathuraUPVaishnavaKrishna’s youth~10 M+
PushkarRajasthanBrahmaOne of few Brahma temples; Pushkar Mela~0.2–0.5 M at Mela
Madurai — Meenakshi Amman TempleTamil NaduShakta-ShaivaChitrai festival~1.5 M+ at festival
Pashupatinath TempleKathmandu, NepalShaivaMahashivaratri~1 M+ at Mahashivaratri
MuktinathMustang, NepalHindu + BuddhistVishnu shrine + Buddhist site~0.1 M
Mt Kailash + Lake ManasarovarW. TibetHindu + Buddhist + Jain + BönAbode of Shiva (Hindu); Demchok (Buddhist); Ashtapada (Jain); Tise (Bön)restricted; ~0.05 M permitted annually

IV. Pilgrimage Sites — Buddhism

SiteLocationTraditionSignificance
LumbiniRupandehi, NepalAllBuddha’s birthplace; Maya Devi Temple; Ashokan pillar
Bodh Gaya — Mahabodhi TempleBihar, IndiaAllSite of Buddha’s enlightenment under the Bodhi tree, c.528 BCE
Sarnath — Dhamek StupaVaranasi, IndiaAllBuddha’s first sermon (Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta)
KushinagarUP, IndiaAllBuddha’s parinirvana c.483 BCE
Eight Great Sites (Buddhism)India + NepalAllLumbini + Bodh Gaya + Sarnath + Kushinagar + Rajgir + Vaishali + Shravasti + Sankassa
Mt WutaiShanxi, ChinaMahayanaOne of the Four Sacred Mountains; Manjushri
Mt PutuoZhejiang, ChinaMahayanaAvalokiteśvara (Guanyin)
Mt JiuhuaAnhui, ChinaMahayanaKsitigarbha (Dizang)
Mt EmeiSichuan, ChinaMahayanaSamantabhadra
Mt Koya (Koyasan)Wakayama, JapanShingonFounded by Kukai 819; mausoleum of Kobo Daishi at Okunoin
Mt Hiei (Enryaku-ji)Shiga + Kyoto, JapanTendaiFounded by Saicho 788; “marathon monks”
Shikoku 88 Temple Pilgrimage (Henro)Shikoku island, JapanShingonCircuit ~1,200 km associated with Kukai; ~88 temples
Mt KailashTibetVajrayana (also Hindu + Jain + Bön)(above)
Lhasa — Jokhang + PotalaTibetVajrayanaMost sacred Tibetan Buddhist site
Tashilhunpo MonasteryShigatse, TibetVajrayana GelugSeat of Panchen Lama
Sigiriya + Sri Pada (Adam’s Peak)Sri LankaTheravada (also Hindu + Christian + Muslim)Footprint shrine; pilgrimage Dec–May
Shwedagon PagodaYangon, MyanmarTheravadaReputed to enshrine Buddha relics
BorobudurCentral Java, IndonesiaMahayana (heritage)9th-c stupa; pilgrimage at Vesak

V. Pilgrimage Sites — Sikhism, Jainism, Bahá’í, Zoroastrianism, Indigenous

SiteLocationTraditionSignificance
Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple)Amritsar, Punjab, IndiaSikhFoundational gurdwara; Akal Takht; daily langar for ~100 k
Hemkund SahibUttarakhand, IndiaSikhSite of Guru Gobind Singh’s previous-life meditation per Dasam Granth
Anandpur SahibPunjab, IndiaSikhBirthplace of Khalsa 1699
Nankana SahibPunjab, PakistanSikhBirthplace of Guru Nanak 1469
Palitana — Shatrunjaya HillGujarat, IndiaJain (Svetambara)~900 temples on hill complex
Shravanabelagola — Gommateshwara statueKarnataka, IndiaJain (Digambara)17-m monolith of Bahubali; Mahamastakabhisheka every 12 years (last 2018)
Mt Abu — Dilwara TemplesRajasthan, IndiaJainFive marble temples, 11th–13th c
Bahá’í World Centre — Shrine of the BábHaifa, IsraelBahá’íResting place of the Báb
Bahjí — Shrine of Bahá’u’lláhAkka (Acre), IsraelBahá’íQibla for daily prayer
Atash Behrams (8 in India + 1 in Iran)Mumbai + Udvada + Surat + Navsari + YazdZoroastrianHighest-grade fire temples
Yazd — Towers of Silence (Dakhmas)Yazd, IranZoroastrianTraditional excarnation sites (no longer in active use)
Cahokia MoundsIllinois, USMississippian / indigenous heritagePre-Columbian center; Monks Mound
Pyramid of the Sun + Pyramid of the MoonTeotihuacán, MexicoMesoamerican heritage + Mexica revival movementsMassive Classic-era pyramids
WirikutaSan Luis Potosí, MexicoWixárika (Huichol)Sacred desert; peyote pilgrimage
UluruNorthern Territory, AustraliaAnangu (Pitjantjatjara + Yankunytjatjara)Sacred site; climbing banned 2019
Black Hills (Pahá Sápa)South Dakota, USLakota + Cheyenne + ArapahoSacred lands; Wounded Knee 1890 + 1973
Mt TaranakiNew ZealandMaori (Te Atiawa, Ngāti Ruanui, Ngāruahine, Ngāti Tama, Taranaki)Sacred ancestor; legal personhood 2017

VI. Religious Calendar — Islamic (lunar, Hijri)

The Islamic year is 354 days; festivals drift ~11 days earlier annually relative to the Gregorian.

MonthFestivalSignificance
Muharram 1Hijri New YearHijra commemorated; observed by reflection
Muharram 10AshuraMourning of Husayn at Karbala (Shia); fasting day (Sunni)
Safar (20th of)Arba’een40th day after Ashura; major Shia pilgrimage to Karbala
Rabi’ al-Awwal 12Mawlid an-NabiBirth of Prophet Muhammad (observed by most Sunnis + Shias; rejected by strict Salafis)
Rajab 27Isra’ wal Mi’rajNight Journey of Muhammad
Sha’ban 15Mid-Sha’ban (Laylat al-Bara’at)Night of forgiveness
Ramadan (entire month)Ramadan fast4th pillar (sawm) — dawn-to-dusk fasting
Ramadan 17/19/21/23/27Laylat al-Qadr”Night of Power”; sought in last ten odd nights
Shawwal 1Eid al-Fitr”Festival of breaking the fast” — end of Ramadan
Dhū al-Ḥijjah 8–13HajjPilgrimage to Mecca
Dhū al-Ḥijjah 10Eid al-Adha”Festival of sacrifice” — commemorating Ibrahim’s near-sacrifice of Ismail

VII. Religious Calendar — Jewish (luni-solar, Hebrew)

MonthFestivalDateSignificance
Tishrei 1–2Rosh HashanahJewish New YearDay of judgment
Tishrei 10Yom KippurDay of AtonementHoliest day; 25-hour fast
Tishrei 15–22Sukkot”Tabernacles”7-day harvest festival in booths; Shemini Atzeret + Simchat Torah follow
Kislev 25 – Tevet 2/3Hanukkah8 daysMaccabean rededication of Temple 164 BCE; candles
Shevat 15Tu BiShvatNew Year for trees
Adar 14 (Adar II in leap years)PurimEsther’s deliveranceReading of Megillah; costumes
Nisan 15–22 (8 days in diaspora; 7 in Israel)Pesach (Passover)ExodusSeder; matzah; no leaven
Iyar 5Yom Ha’atzmautIsraeli Independence DayModern; 1948
Iyar 18Lag BaOmer33rd day of OmerBonfires; Rabbi Akiva students; Meron pilgrimage
Sivan 6–7ShavuotGiving of the Torah at SinaiPentecost; pilgrimage festival
Tammuz 17Shiva Asar B’TammuzWalls of Jerusalem breachedFast day
Av 9Tisha B’AvDestruction of First (586 BCE) + Second (70 CE) TemplesMost solemn fast

VIII. Religious Calendar — Christian (solar; varies by calendar)

Eastern Orthodox often use the Julian calendar (13 days behind Gregorian in 21st c). Movable feasts depend on Easter computation (Council of Nicaea 325: first Sunday after first full moon after vernal equinox).

Date / periodFestivalTraditionSignificance
4 weeks before ChristmasAdventWestern ChristianityPreparation for Christmas
25 DecChristmasCatholic + Protestant + Orthodox (Greek + Romanian + Bulgarian etc.)Birth of Christ
7 JanChristmasRussian, Serbian, Georgian, Ukrainian (mostly), Coptic, Ethiopian Orthodox (Julian)Same feast
6 JanEpiphany / TheophanyCatholic + Western (Three Kings); Orthodox (Baptism of Christ)
2 FebCandlemas (Lichtmess) / PresentationCatholic + Protestant + OrthodoxPresentation of Jesus in the Temple
Ash Wednesday (movable; 46 days before Easter)Beginning of LentCatholic + Protestant + AnglicanPenitential season
Clean MondayBeginning of Great LentOrthodox48 days before Pascha
Palm Sunday(week before Easter)AllChrist’s entry into Jerusalem
Maundy Thursday(3 days before Easter)AllLast Supper
Good Friday(2 days before Easter)AllCrucifixion
Easter (Pascha)(movable; Mar–Apr Western; up to 5 weeks later in Orthodox)AllResurrection
Easter + 40 daysAscensionAllChrist’s ascension
Easter + 50 daysPentecostAllDescent of Holy Spirit
24 JunNativity of John the BaptistCatholic + Orthodox
15 AugDormition / Assumption of the TheotokosOrthodox (Dormition); Catholic (Assumption)Mary’s death + bodily assumption
14 SepExaltation of the CrossCatholic + Orthodox
1 NovAll Saints’ DayCatholic + Anglican
31 OctReformation DayLutheranLuther’s 95 Theses 1517
Pentecostarion50 days after PaschaOrthodoxLiturgical book + season

IX. Religious Calendar — Hindu (luni-solar, regional variation)

FestivalDateSignificance
Makar Sankranti / Pongal / Lohri14–15 Jan (solar — winter solstice + sun’s entry into Capricorn)Harvest; Sun’s transition
Vasant PanchamiMagha shukla 5 (Jan/Feb)Saraswati worship
Maha ShivaratriPhalguna krishna 14 (Feb/Mar)“Great night of Shiva”
HoliPhalguna purnima + day after (Feb/Mar)Festival of colors; spring
Ugadi / Gudi PadwaChaitra shukla 1 (Mar/Apr)New Year (Deccan + Maharashtra)
Ram NavamiChaitra shukla 9 (Mar/Apr)Birth of Rama
Hanuman JayantiChaitra purnima (Mar/Apr)Birth of Hanuman
Akshaya TritiyaVaisakha shukla 3 (Apr/May)Inexhaustible prosperity
Buddha PurnimaVaisakha purnima (Apr/May)Buddha’s birth (Hindu observance)
Rath Yatra (Puri)Ashadha shukla 2 (Jun/Jul)Jagannath chariot festival
Guru PurnimaAshadha purnima (Jun/Jul)Honor to gurus
Raksha BandhanShravana purnima (Jul/Aug)Brother-sister bond
Krishna JanmashtamiBhadrapada krishna 8 (Aug/Sep)Birth of Krishna
OnamChingam (Aug/Sep, Malayali solar)Kerala harvest; King Mahabali
Ganesh ChaturthiBhadrapada shukla 4 (Aug/Sep)Birth of Ganesha; 10-day festival
Navaratri / Durga PujaAshwin shukla 1–9 (Sep/Oct)Nine nights of the Goddess
Dussehra / VijayadashamiAshwin shukla 10 (Sep/Oct)Rama’s victory over Ravana
Karva ChauthKartik krishna 4 (Oct/Nov)Wives fast for husbands
Diwali / DeepavaliKartik amavasya (Oct/Nov)Festival of lights; Lakshmi worship
Govardhan Puja / AnnakutKartik shukla 1Krishna lifting Govardhan
Bhai DoojKartik shukla 2Brother-sister bond
Tulsi VivahaKartik shukla 11–12

X. Religious Calendar — Buddhist (luni-solar; regional)

FestivalDateTraditionSignificance
Vesak / Buddha Purnima / Buddha DayVaisakha purnima (Apr/May)Theravada + Mahayana (different dates)Birth + enlightenment + parinirvana of Buddha (Theravada); birth only in some Mahayana
Asalha PujaAshadha purnima (Jul)TheravadaFirst sermon; start of Vassa (rain retreat)
Magha Puja (Sangha Day)Magha purnima (Feb/Mar)Theravada1,250 disciples spontaneously assembled
KathinaAfter Vassa, Ashvina purnima – Kartika purnimaTheravadaRobe offering to monks
Songkran13–15 Apr (solar)Thai + Lao TheravadaBuddhist new year + water festival
Pchum BenSep–OctCambodian TheravadaAncestors’ festival
Hana Matsuri8 AprJapanese MahayanaBuddha’s birthday (Japan)
Obon13–16 Aug (or 13–16 Jul depending on region)Japanese MahayanaAncestors
LosarLate Jan – Mar (Tibetan calendar)Tibetan VajrayanaTibetan New Year
Saga Dawa4th Tibetan month (May/Jun)Tibetan VajrayanaBuddha’s birth-enlightenment-parinirvana (combined)

XI. Religious Calendar — Jain, Sikh, Chinese, Shinto

FestivalDateTraditionSignificance
Mahavir JayantiChaitra shukla 13 (Mar/Apr)JainBirth of Mahavira
ParyushanaBhadrapada (Aug/Sep)Jain Svetambara (8 days) / Digambara (10 days, called Das Lakshana)Annual repentance + fasting
Diwali (Mahavir Nirvana)Kartik amavasyaJainMahavira’s liberation 527 BCE
Vaisakhi13 or 14 AprSikhKhalsa founding 1699; harvest
Bandi Chhor DivasCoincides with DiwaliSikhGuru Hargobind’s release
Guru Nanak GurpurabKartik purnima (Nov)SikhBirth of Guru Nanak
Guru Gobind Singh GurpurabPausha shukla 7 (Dec/Jan)SikhBirth of Guru Gobind Singh
Hola MohallaDay after HoliSikhMartial display; Anandpur Sahib
Lunar New Year (Spring Festival)Lunar Jan 1 (late Jan – mid Feb)Chinese folk + Buddhist + DaoistNew year; family reunion
Qingming4 or 5 Apr (solar terms)Chinese folkTomb-sweeping; ancestors
Dragon Boat Festival (Duanwu)Lunar May 5Chinese folkQu Yuan (3rd c BCE poet); zongzi
Mid-Autumn FestivalLunar Aug 15Chinese folkMoon viewing; mooncakes
Hungry Ghost Festival (Zhongyuan)Lunar Jul 15Chinese Buddhist + DaoistGhost feeding
Lantern FestivalLunar Jan 15Chinese folkEnd of New Year season
Hatsumode1–3 JanShintoFirst shrine visit of new year
Setsubun3 FebShintoBean-throwing; demons out
Hina Matsuri (Doll Festival)3 MarShinto-folkGirls’ day
Tanabata7 JulShinto-folkStar festival
Shichi-Go-San15 NovShinto3-, 5-, 7-year-old children visit shrines

Adjacent