Compendium

Music Genre Tree & Instrument Catalog

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Music Genre Tree & Instrument Catalog

A breadth-first catalog of musical genres (by lineage and key figures) and the full Hornbostel-Sachs instrument taxonomy with concrete makes and models. This is a reference: an agent that needs to know “what’s the Hornbostel-Sachs class for a kalimba” or “who are the canonical bebop figures” should land here first.

1. Western art-music genre evolution

1.1 Medieval (c. 500–1400)

  • Plainchant / Gregorian chant — monophonic liturgical melody, codified under Pope Gregory I (r. 590–604) and stabilized through the Carolingian reforms; modal system on the eight church modes.
  • Notre Dame school — Paris, late 12th–13th centuries: Léonin (Magnus Liber Organi, c. 1180) and Pérotin (organum quadruplum, e.g., Viderunt omnes).
  • Ars Nova — Guillaume de Machaut (c. 1300–1377), composer of the first known polyphonic Mass setting (Messe de Nostre Dame); Francesco Landini (c. 1325–1397), the leading Italian Trecento composer.

1.2 Renaissance (c. 1400–1600)

  • Josquin des Prez (c. 1450–1521) — Franco-Flemish polyphony; Missa Pange Lingua.
  • Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (1525–1594) — the Counter-Reformation Roman style; Missa Papae Marcelli.
  • William Byrd (c. 1540–1623) and Thomas Tallis (c. 1505–1585) — English Tudor / Elizabethan polyphony.
  • Giovanni Gabrieli (c. 1555–1612) — Venetian polychoral style at St. Mark’s; spatialized brass and choirs.
  • Claudio Monteverdi (1567–1643) — bridge to Baroque; L’Orfeo (1607) is the earliest widely-performed opera.

1.3 Baroque (c. 1600–1750)

  • Claudio Monteverdi (continued).
  • Antonio Vivaldi (1678–1741) — concerto form; The Four Seasons.
  • Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750) — fugue + counterpoint apex; B-Minor Mass, WTC, Brandenburg Concertos.
  • George Frideric Handel (1685–1759) — oratorio (Messiah 1741), Italian opera in London.
  • Georg Philipp Telemann (1681–1767) — the most prolific Baroque composer.
  • François Couperin (1668–1733) and Jean-Philippe Rameau (1683–1764) — French clavecin school + Rameau’s Traité de l’harmonie (1722).
  • Henry Purcell (1659–1695) — English baroque, Dido and Aeneas.

1.4 Classical (c. 1750–1820)

  • Joseph Haydn (1732–1809) — father of the string quartet (Op. 33 set, 1781) and symphony (104 numbered).
  • Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791) — operas (Figaro, Don Giovanni, Magic Flute), 27 piano concertos, 41 symphonies.
  • Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) — early period bridges Classical; middle (Eroica 1804) and late periods initiate Romanticism.
  • Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (1714–1788) — empfindsamer Stil; bridge between his father’s Baroque and the high Classical style.

1.5 Romantic (c. 1820–1900)

Late Beethoven (post-1815 string quartets, Ninth Symphony 1824), Franz Schubert (1797–1828), Felix Mendelssohn (1809–1847), Robert Schumann (1810–1856), Frédéric Chopin (1810–1849), Franz Liszt (1811–1886), Hector Berlioz (1803–1869), Richard Wagner (1813–1883, Ring cycle 1876), Giuseppe Verdi (1813–1901), Johannes Brahms (1833–1897), Anton Bruckner (1824–1896), Gustav Mahler (1860–1911), Richard Strauss (1864–1949).

1.6 20th-century modernism

Claude Debussy (1862–1918), Maurice Ravel (1875–1937), Igor Stravinsky (1882–1971), Arnold Schoenberg (1874–1951, twelve-tone), Anton Webern (1883–1945), Alban Berg (1885–1935), Béla Bartók (1881–1945), Dmitri Shostakovich (1906–1975), Sergei Prokofiev (1891–1953), Benjamin Britten (1913–1976), Olivier Messiaen (1908–1992), Witold Lutosławski (1913–1994), Krzysztof Penderecki (1933–2020), Pierre Boulez (1925–2016), Karlheinz Stockhausen (1928–2007), John Cage (1912–1992, 4’33” 1952), Elliott Carter (1908–2012), Milton Babbitt (1916–2011), Steve Reich (b. 1936) and Philip Glass (b. 1937) — American minimalism; Thomas Adès (b. 1971), Kaija Saariaho (1952–2023), Harrison Birtwistle (1934–2022), Louis Andriessen (1939–2021), Arvo Pärt (b. 1935), Henryk Górecki (1933–2010), John Tavener (1944–2013), Arne Nordheim (1931–2010).

1.7 Contemporary (21st century)

Esa-Pekka Salonen (b. 1958), Mason Bates (b. 1977), Caroline Shaw (b. 1982, 2013 Pulitzer for Partita for 8 Voices), Andrew Norman (b. 1979), Du Yun (b. 1977, 2017 Pulitzer for Angel’s Bone), Anna Clyne (b. 1980), Missy Mazzoli (b. 1980), Ellen Reid (b. 1983, 2019 Pulitzer), Tania León (b. 1943, 2021 Pulitzer), Jessie Montgomery (b. 1981), Carlos Simon (b. 1986), Ola Gjeilo (b. 1978), Eric Whitacre (b. 1970); the film-composer crossover lineage of John Williams (b. 1932), Hans Zimmer (b. 1957), and successors (Hildur Guðnadóttir, Nicholas Britell, Ludwig Göransson, Daniel Pemberton).

2. Jazz genre tree

  • Dixieland / New Orleans (1900s–1920s) — King Oliver, Louis Armstrong (Hot Five and Hot Seven recordings 1925–28), Jelly Roll Morton.
  • Swing (1930s–40s) — Duke Ellington, Count Basie, Benny Goodman, Glenn Miller; big-band era.
  • Bebop (1940s) — Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, Thelonious Monk, Bud Powell, Max Roach.
  • Cool jazz (late 1940s–50s) — Miles Davis Birth of the Cool (1949), Dave Brubeck, Gerry Mulligan, Chet Baker.
  • Hard bop (mid 1950s) — Art Blakey + Jazz Messengers, Horace Silver, Clifford Brown.
  • Modal (1959–60s) — Miles Davis Kind of Blue (1959 — best-selling jazz album), John Coltrane Giant Steps (1960).
  • Free jazz (1960s) — John Coltrane Ascension (1965), Ornette Coleman, Cecil Taylor, Albert Ayler, Sun Ra, AACM (Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians) Chicago — Anthony Braxton, Roscoe Mitchell.
  • Fusion (1970s) — Miles Davis Bitches Brew (1970), Mahavishnu Orchestra (John McLaughlin), Weather Report (Joe Zawinul), Return to Forever (Chick Corea), Headhunters (Herbie Hancock).
  • Modern (1980s–present) — Wynton Marsalis + Jazz at Lincoln Center neoclassical revival; Brad Mehldau, Kurt Rosenwinkel, Vijay Iyer, Robert Glasper (R&B/hip-hop crossover), Esperanza Spalding, Kamasi Washington, Christian McBride, Cécile McLorin Salvant.
  • Blues (1920s–) — Robert Johnson, Muddy Waters, B.B. King.
  • R&B (late 1940s–50s) — Ray Charles, James Brown.
  • Rock and roll (mid 1950s) — Elvis Presley, Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Buddy Holly.
  • Folk revival (early 1960s) — Bob Dylan, Joan Baez, Pete Seeger.
  • British Invasion (1964+) — The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Kinks, The Who, The Yardbirds.
  • Psychedelic (1966–69) — Jimi Hendrix, The Doors, Cream, Pink Floyd, The Velvet Underground, Beach Boys Pet Sounds (1966).
  • Progressive rock (1970s) — Yes, Genesis, ELP, King Crimson, Rush, later Pink Floyd.
  • Glam rock (1970s) — David Bowie, T. Rex, Roxy Music.
  • Hard rock + heavy metal:
    • Foundational (early 1970s) — Black Sabbath, Deep Purple, Led Zeppelin.
    • NWOBHM (late 1970s–80s) — Iron Maiden, Judas Priest, Motörhead.
    • Thrash (1980s) — Metallica, Slayer, Megadeth, Anthrax, Pantera.
    • Death + black metal (1990s) — Death, Morbid Angel, Mayhem, Emperor.
    • Modern (2000s+) — Tool, Mastodon, Gojira, Opeth.
  • Punk (1976–78) — Ramones, Sex Pistols, The Clash.
  • Post-punk (1978–80s) — Joy Division, Talking Heads, Sonic Youth, Pixies.
  • New wave (1980s) — The Police, The Cars, Devo.
  • Grunge (1991+) — Nirvana, Pearl Jam, Soundgarden, Alice in Chains.
  • Alt rock (1990s) — Radiohead, Pixies, Pavement.
  • Indie (2000s) — The Strokes, Yeah Yeah Yeahs, Arcade Fire, LCD Soundsystem.
  • Modern (2010s–20s) — Tame Impala, Arctic Monkeys, Mac DeMarco, Vampire Weekend.

4. Hip-hop lineage

  • Birth (1973) — DJ Kool Herc, Bronx, NY; the August 1973 back-room party at 1520 Sedgwick Avenue is the conventional founding event.
  • Old school (late 1970s–early 80s) — Grandmaster Flash, Sugarhill Gang (Rapper’s Delight, 1979 — first mainstream hip-hop single), Afrika Bambaataa, Run-DMC, LL Cool J.
  • Golden age (late 1980s–mid 1990s) — Public Enemy, N.W.A, Eric B. & Rakim, Wu-Tang Clan, Nas (Illmatic, 1994), The Notorious B.I.G., 2Pac, A Tribe Called Quest, De La Soul, KRS-One.
  • Bling era (late 1990s) — Jay-Z, Dr. Dre, Eminem, Outkast, Lauryn Hill, DMX.
  • Southern (2000s) — Outkast, UGK, Three 6 Mafia, Lil Jon, Pimp C.
  • Trap (2000s+) — T.I., Gucci Mane, Future, Migos, Young Thug.
  • Modern (2010s–20s) — Drake, Kendrick Lamar (2018 Pulitzer for DAMN.), Travis Scott, J. Cole, Tyler, the Creator, Frank Ocean, Anderson .Paak, Kanye West, Cardi B, Megan Thee Stallion, Doja Cat, Ice Spice, Lil Nas X, Tyla, GloRilla, Sexyy Red, Latto, Don Toliver.

5. Electronic-music lineage

  • Musique concrète (1948) — Pierre Schaeffer, Studio d’Essai (RTF/ORTF), Paris.
  • Cologne electronic studio (1953+) — Karlheinz Stockhausen, Studie I (1953) — among the first fully synthesized pieces.
  • Synthesis pioneers (1960s) — Morton Subotnick (Silver Apples of the Moon, 1967), Wendy Carlos (Switched-On Bach, 1968), Suzanne Ciani.
  • Kraftwerk — Autobahn (1974); pioneering electropop foundation for techno, hip-hop electro, and more.
  • Disco (late 1970s) — Bee Gees, Donna Summer, Chic.
  • House (Chicago, 1985+) — Frankie Knuckles at The Warehouse, Larry Levan (Paradise Garage NYC), Marshall Jefferson (Move Your Body).
  • Techno (Detroit, 1985+) — the Belleville Three: Juan Atkins, Derrick May, Kevin Saunderson. Later Berlin scene around Tresor and Berghain.
  • Acid (1987+) — Roland TB-303 squelch sound; Phuture (Acid Tracks, 1987).
  • Trance (1990s–2000s) — Cosmic Baby, Sven Väth, Paul van Dyk, Armin van Buuren, Above & Beyond.
  • Drum and bass (1990s) — DJ Goldie, Roni Size, LTJ Bukem.
  • Dubstep — South London 2003+: Skream, Benga, Loefah, Coki; brostep mainstream variant via Skrillex (2010).
  • EDM mainstream (2010s) — Deadmau5, Skrillex, Calvin Harris, Avicii, Tiësto, David Guetta, Martin Garrix.
  • Modern (2020s) — Bicep, Four Tet, Floating Points, Caribou, Mall Grab, Octo Octa, Anz, Kink, Daniel Avery.

6. Country lineage

  • Traditional (1920s–50s) — Hank Williams, Patsy Cline, the Carter Family.
  • Outlaw country (1960s–70s) — Willie Nelson, Waylon Jennings, Merle Haggard, Johnny Cash, Kris Kristofferson.
  • Nashville (1980s–90s) — Garth Brooks, Reba McEntire, George Strait.
  • Bro-country + pop-country (2010s) — Florida Georgia Line, Luke Bryan, Carrie Underwood.
  • Americana / alt-country — Wilco, Lucinda Williams, Drive-By Truckers.
  • Modern crossover — Kacey Musgraves, Chris Stapleton, Maren Morris, Tyler Childers, Sturgill Simpson, Zach Bryan, Beyoncé (Cowboy Carter, 2024).

7. World music families

  • Latin — salsa (Cuba/NY), bachata + merengue (Dominican Republic), reggaeton (Puerto Rico), bolero, ranchera + mariachi (Mexico), samba + bossa nova (Brazil), tango (Argentina/Uruguay), tropicália (Brazilian 1960s avant-pop).
  • African (current) — Afrobeats: Burna Boy, Wizkid, Davido, Rema, Tems, Asake (Nigerian-led pan-African pop). Amapiano: DJ Maphorisa, Kabza De Small (South Africa). Highlife (Ghana), chimurenga (Zimbabwe), mbalax (Senegal, popularized internationally by Youssou N’Dour).
  • Asian — J-pop, K-pop (BTS, BLACKPINK, NewJeans, LE SSERAFIM, IVE, aespa), C-pop, bhangra (Punjab), Bollywood film music.

8. Instrument catalog (Hornbostel-Sachs classes)

Hornbostel-Sachs (1914 by Erich von Hornbostel and Curt Sachs; revised MIMO 2011) classifies instruments by sound-production mechanism.

8.1 Idiophones — body of instrument vibrates

  • Bells — Tibetan singing bowls, church bells, handbells.
  • Cymbals — Zildjian (Avedis Zildjian Co., est. 1623 Constantinople, now Norwell MA), Sabian, Paiste, Meinl. Types: ride, crash, hi-hat, splash, china, effects.
  • Gongs — tam-tam, nipple gongs.
  • Xylophone family — marimba (rosewood/synthetic bars, resonators below; 4.3, 4.6, 4.8, 5.0-octave), vibraphone (motor-driven discs in resonators producing tremolo). Makers: Musser (Conn-Selmer brand), Yamaha, Marimba One, Adams. Balafon — West African pentatonic marimba.
  • Tubular bells / orchestral chimes.
  • Kalimba / mbira (African thumb piano).
  • Wood blocks, temple blocks, claves.

8.2 Membranophones — stretched membrane

  • Drum kits — snare (14×5.5”, typically), toms (rack + floor), kick (bass) drum (typically 20–24”). Major makers: Ludwig, Pearl, Tama, Yamaha, DW (Drum Workshop), Gretsch, Sonor.
  • Hand drums — congas (Afro-Cuban, single-headed, paired), bongos (paired smaller), djembe (West African goblet, single-headed), cajón (Peruvian box drum), tabla (North Indian paired set), dhol (Punjabi double-headed).
  • Timpani — orchestral kettledrums; makers Adams, Yamaha (YT-7000 series), Lefima. Pedal-tuned in modern usage.
  • Bodhrán — Irish frame drum.
  • Taiko — Japanese ensemble drums (chu-daiko, o-daiko, shime-daiko).

8.3 Chordophones — stretched string

Bowed:

  • Violin family — violin, viola, cello, double bass. Historical makers: Antonio Stradivari (1644–1737, Cremona), Giuseppe Guarneri “del Gesù” (1698–1744). Modern Cremona makers and the Mittenwald, Mirecourt, and Markneukirchen schools. Electric: Yamaha Silent (SV-200 series), NS Design, Bridge.
  • Period — viola da gamba, vielle, rebec.

Plucked:

  • Concert pedal harp — 47 strings (with 7 pedals), C0–G7 range. Makers: Lyon & Healy (Chicago, since 1864), Camac (France), Salvi (Italy), Aoyama (Japan). Celtic / lever harp (typically 26–36 strings): Salvi, Stoney End, Camac, Dusty Strings.
  • Guitar:
    • Classical / nylon-string — Yamaha CG/GC series, Cordoba, Hannah Music, traditional Spanish luthiers (Ramirez, Hauser legacy).
    • Steel-string acoustic — Martin D-28 (dreadnought standard 1931+), Gibson J-45, Taylor 814ce, Yamaha LL16; archtop: Gibson L-5, Gretsch; resonator (dobro): National.
    • Electric — Fender Stratocaster (introduced 1954), Telecaster (1950, the first mass-produced solid-body), Jazzmaster, Jaguar, Precision Bass (1951), Jazz Bass (1960); Gibson Les Paul (1952), SG, ES-335 (1958 semi-hollow), Flying V (1958), Explorer, Firebird; PRS (Paul Reed Smith, founded 1985), Music Man, Suhr, Jackson, Ibanez (RG/JEM), ESP/LTD.
  • Banjo — 5-string (bluegrass, Earl Scruggs roll), 4-string tenor (Irish + jazz).
  • Mandolin — F-style (scroll body, Gibson F-5 Loar 1922), A-style (teardrop).
  • Ukulele — soprano, concert, tenor, baritone.
  • Lute family — Renaissance lute, theorbo, archlute, vihuela.
  • Oud — Arab/Turkish pear-shaped fretless.
  • Sitar — North Indian, Ravi Shankar (1920–2012) and Vilayat Khan (1928–2004) the canonical exponents; makers Naskar, Rikhi Ram.
  • Sarod — fretless North Indian (Ali Akbar Khan).
  • Kora — 21-string West African Mande harp-lute.
  • Pipa — Chinese pear-shaped lute.
  • Koto — Japanese 13-string zither (the gayageum is the Korean 12-string analog).
  • Charango — Andean small lute, traditionally with armadillo back, now almost universally wood.

8.4 Aerophones — vibrating air

Flutes (edge-blown):

  • Concert C flute — Yamaha YFL (200/300/400/500/600/700 series), Powell (Boston), Burkart, Brannen Brothers (Brögger system), Muramatsu, Sankyo, Pearl. Variants: alto flute, bass flute, contrabass flute, piccolo.
  • Native American flute, Japanese shakuhachi, Indian bansuri, Middle Eastern ney, Chinese dizi.
  • Recorder family — soprano (descant), alto (treble), tenor, bass.

Reeds (double + single):

  • Double reed — oboe + cor anglais (English horn) + bassoon + contrabassoon. Makers: Heckel (Wiesbaden, since 1831, the Heckel bassoon system is the German standard), Fox (Indiana), Mollenhauer, Adler, Püchner.
  • Single reed — clarinet (B♭ standard, also A, E♭, bass clarinet, contrabass). Makers: Buffet Crampon (Paris, since 1825 — R13, RC, Tosca, Festival), Selmer (Henri Selmer Paris), Yamaha (YCL/CSG/CSV), Backun.
  • Saxophone family — soprano (B♭), alto (E♭), tenor (B♭), baritone (E♭), bass (B♭), plus sopranino + contrabass rare. Invented by Adolphe Sax 1846. Makers: Selmer Paris (Mark VI 1954–74 is the canonical vintage; Reference 54, Supreme), Yanagisawa (Japan), Yamaha (YAS/YTS/YBS), P. Mauriat, Cannonball, Keilwerth.
  • Harmonica — Hohner (Marine Band 1896, Special 20, Crossover, Golden Melody), Suzuki, Lee Oskar, Seydel.
  • Accordion + bandoneón (Argentine tango) + concertina.

Brass (lip-vibrated):

  • Trumpet — B♭ standard. Makers: Bach Stradivarius 180/37 (the symphonic standard), Yamaha Xeno (YTR-9335, YTR-8335), Schilke (Chicago), Monette (Portland OR — Charlie Geyer + Wynton Marsalis collaborator).
  • Cornet (more conical) + flugelhorn (yet more conical, lower).
  • French horn (double F/B♭ standard) — Conn 8D, Holton H179/H378, Yamaha YHR, Lewis & Co., Engelbert Schmid.
  • Trombone — tenor (B♭), bass (B♭/F double-trigger). Bach Stradivarius, Conn 88H, Edwards (custom), Schagerl (Vienna), Yamaha YSL/YBL.
  • Tuba (BB♭, CC, E♭, F) + sousaphone (marching). Conn, Holton, Yamaha YBB/YCB, Meinl Weston, Miraphone.

Free aerophones + other:

  • Didgeridoo — Aboriginal Australian (eucalyptus log).
  • Bagpipes — Highland (Scottish), uilleann (Irish), Galician gaita, zampogna (Italian).
  • Pan flute — Andean (siku, antara), Romanian nai.

8.5 Electrophones — electrical sound generation

  • Electric organ — Hammond B-3 + Leslie 122 / 145 rotary speaker combination (1935+ original; Hammond-Suzuki revival). Clonewheels: Nord Electro, Crumar Mojo, Hammond XK series.
  • Synthesizer:
    • Moog — Minimoog Model D (1970, reissued 2016 + 2022), Modular IIIc, Moog One (2018, polyphonic flagship), Matriarch, Grandmother, Sub 37/Subsequent 37, Mavis (semi-modular, 2022).
    • ARP — 2600 (semi-modular, Korg reissue 2020), Odyssey (Korg reissue).
    • Yamaha — CS-80 (1976, polyphonic analog), DX7 (1983, the bestselling synth of all time, FM synthesis), Montage M (2023 flagship), Reface DX/CS.
    • Roland — Jupiter-8 (1981), Juno-60, Juno-106, JX-3P, JD-XA (analog/digital crossover), System-8 (AIRA), JD-800/JD-XA, Jupiter-X/Xm.
    • Korg — MS-20 (1978, semi-modular, reissued 2013), Wavestation (vector synthesis 1990), Trinity, Triton, Kronos, minilogue/xd, monologue, opsix (FM), drumlogue, ARP Odyssey reissue.
    • Sequential / Dave Smith Instruments — Prophet-5 (1978; Rev4 reissue 2020), Prophet-600, Prophet Rev2, Prophet-6 / Prophet-12 / Prophet-10, Take 5, Pro 3, Trigon-6 (2024). DSI was renamed Sequential after Yamaha returned the trademark in 2015.
    • Oberheim — Matrix-12 (1985), OB-X (1979), OB-X8 (2022 reissue by Tom Oberheim with Sequential).
    • Nord (Clavia) — Lead 2X, Wave 2, Stage 4, Drum 3P, Piano 5.
    • Access — Virus C, Virus TI2 (production ended 2020s).
    • Elektron (Swedish) — Digitone (FM groovebox), Analog Rytm (drum machine), Digitakt (sampler).
    • Modal Electronics — Argon8, Cobalt8, 21M.
    • Behringer — DeepMind 12, Crave (Mother-32 clone), Model D (Minimoog clone), Pro-1 (Sequential Pro-One clone) — clone-driven re-issues.
    • Soft synths — Native Instruments Massive / Massive X / Kontakt; Spectrasonics Omnisphere + Trilian + Stylus; Arturia Pigments + V Collection (emulations of vintage hardware); u-he Diva + Repro-5 + Hive 2; Spitfire Audio (sample-based).
  • Drum machine — Roland TR-808 (1980, the rhythmic foundation of hip-hop and house), TR-909 (1983, the foundation of house and techno), TR-606, TR-707, TR-8 / TR-8S (modern modeling); LinnDrum (1982); Akai MPC60 / 3000 / Live II / X / Studio (sampler-sequencer hybrid); Korg KR-55 / 77, ER-1; Native Instruments Maschine.
  • Samplers — Akai S950, S1000, S6000, MPC series; Ensoniq Mirage, EPS; E-mu SP-12, SP-1200 (the canonical hip-hop sampler), Emulator; Fairlight CMI (1979, the first widely used digital sampling workstation). Library publishers: Spitfire Audio, Heavyocity, Cinematic Studio Series, 8Dio.
  • Mellotron + Chamberlin — pre-digital tape-based sample playback.
  • Theremin (Léon Theremin, 1920), Ondes Martenot (1928), Trautonium (1930).
  • Modular Eurorack ecosystem — Mutable Instruments (founded Émilie Gillet 2010, open-sourced and discontinued the brand in 2022; modules like Plaits, Rings, Beads remain widely cloned), Make Noise (Asheville NC), Doepfer (originator of the Eurorack format 1996, Munich), Befaco (Spain), Erica Synths (Latvia), Tip Top Audio, Bastl Instruments (Czech Republic).

8.6 Voice (corpophone)

  • Voice types: SATB (soprano, alto, tenor, bass), with subdivisions (mezzo-soprano, contralto, countertenor, baritone, bass-baritone).
  • Extended techniques: overtone / throat singing (Tuvan khoomei + Mongolian), Inuit katajjaq, beatboxing, scat (jazz vocal improvisation).
  • Processing: Auto-Tune (Antares Audio Technologies, 1997 — based on autocorrelation pitch detection invented by Andy Hildebrand from oil-exploration seismic processing), iZotope Nectar, Celemony Melodyne (DNA — Direct Note Access — 2008, which enabled polyphonic pitch editing of a single audio track for the first time).

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