Fasteners Taxonomy — Family Index
A working catalogue of every common fastener style an engineer is likely to specify or replace: threaded, non-threaded, retained, anchored, embedded. Each entry maps to its governing standard (ASME B18 / ISO / DIN / JIS / SAE / ASTM) so a part on a drawing can be traced back to a callout that procurement can buy.
1. At a glance
Fasteners split into four large families:
- Threaded — externally threaded. Screws, bolts, studs, set-screws. Form a clamping force via thread engagement.
- Threaded — internally threaded. Nuts, threaded inserts, weld-nuts, anchors. Mate to an external thread.
- Non-threaded mechanical. Rivets, pins, clips, retaining rings. Permanent or semi-permanent assembly; rely on interference, deformation, or shear.
- Washers and accessories. Spread load, prevent loosening, seal, isolate galvanically.
Standards landscape:
| Region / body | Headline standards | Typical use |
|---|---|---|
| ASME (US) | B18.2.1 (hex bolts/screws), B18.2.2 (hex nuts), B18.3 (socket-head/set-screws), B18.6 (machine/wood/tap), B18.22 (washers), B18.1 (rivets) | US machine + structural design |
| ISO (global) | 4014/4017 (hex), 4032/4034 (nuts), 4762 (socket-cap), 7380 (button), 10642 (CSK), 898-1 (grades), 3506 (stainless) | Global metric design |
| DIN (Germany, legacy) | 931 / 933 (hex bolts partial / full thread), 912 (socket-cap), 985 (nyloc), 125 (flat washer), 7991 (CSK) | EU legacy drawings; mostly superseded by ISO |
| JIS (Japan) | B 1180 (hex), B 1176 (socket-cap), B 1181 (nuts) | Japanese OEM (auto/electronics) |
| SAE / ASTM (US) | SAE J429 (inch grades), ASTM A307 / A325 / A449 / A490 / A574 / A193 / F436 | Structural steel, pressure vessels |
SI primary throughout: M-thread sizes given as M{nominal}×{pitch}; inch sizes in parentheses. Torques in N·m (lbf·ft). Loads in kN (lbf).
2. Head styles
The head dictates tool access, finished surface flush vs proud, and concentration of clamp load.
| Head | Drive | Tool | Typical use |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hex (ASME B18.2.1 / ISO 4014/4017) | external hex flats | open/box/socket wrench | Structural, general purpose |
| Hex flange | external hex + integrated washer | wrench | Automotive, no separate washer needed |
| Socket-cap / SHCS (DIN 912, ISO 4762) | internal hex (Allen) | hex key | Machine tools, jigs, high torque in tight space |
| Button-head (ISO 7380) | internal hex | hex key | Low-profile cosmetic, lower clamp than SHCS |
| Flat countersunk / FHCS (ISO 10642, DIN 7991) | internal hex / Phillips / Torx | hex / driver | Flush with surface; 82° (inch UN) or 90° (metric) included angle; 100° on aero MS24694 |
| Oval countersunk | Phillips / slotted | driver | Trim/cosmetic, slight crown above flush |
| Pan head | Phillips / Pozidriv / slotted / Torx | driver | General machine screw, sheet metal |
| Round head | slotted / Phillips | driver | Legacy machine screw |
| Fillister | slotted | screwdriver | Counterbore-friendly, older instruments |
| Truss | Phillips / slotted | driver | Wide low dome, large bearing area on thin sheet |
| Binding | slotted | screwdriver | Electrical terminal binding |
| Low-profile SHCS | internal hex | short hex key | Where SHCS head height won’t fit |
| Weld-head (T-stud, capacitor-discharge stud) | none | weld gun | Welded to sheet, finished as a stud |
| T-head | T-slot mating | slides in T-slot | Machine table clamping |
| Square-head | external square | wrench / by hand | Set-screws, antique machinery |
| 12-point flange (ARP, MS9489) | external 12-pt | 12-pt socket | Aerospace/racing — higher torque vs hex in same space |
| Torx (TX10–TX100, ISO 10664) | 6-lobe internal | Torx bit | High torque, low cam-out; standard in automotive |
| Torx-plus / Torx-TR | optimised 6-lobe / tamper-resistant | proprietary bit | OE production |
| Phillips (PH1–PH4, ISO 8764-1) | cruciform | PH driver | General assembly; designed to cam out at torque |
| Pozidriv (PZ1–PZ3) | cruciform + 4 ribs | PZ driver | Better than Phillips, no cam-out, EU |
| Robertson square (#0–#4) | internal square | square bit | Canadian / cabinetry, very low cam-out |
| Slotted | single slot | flat screwdriver | Legacy, restoration, electrical screws |
| Tri-wing / spanner-2-hole / one-way / snake-eye | tamper-resistant | proprietary | Public-fixture security |
Head height typically 0.6–0.7 × thread nominal for hex, 1.0 × for SHCS, 0.5 × for button, 0.3 × for FHCS (countersunk).
3. Thread standards
Threads are defined by form (60° symmetric V is dominant), pitch, and tolerance class.
Unified inch (UN, ASME B1.1)
- UNC — coarse, e.g. 1/4-20, 3/8-16, 1/2-13. Default for general assembly.
- UNF — fine, e.g. 1/4-28, 3/8-24, 1/2-20. Higher tensile area, better vibration resistance, requires more turns.
- UNEF — extra fine, e.g. 1/4-32. Thin-wall and instrumentation.
- UNS — special pitch outside the standard table.
- Tolerance classes 1A/B (loose), 2A/B (default), 3A/B (tight).
Metric ISO (ISO 68-1, ISO 261, ISO 965)
- Coarse: M2×0.4, M3×0.5, M4×0.7, M5×0.8, M6×1.0, M8×1.25, M10×1.5, M12×1.75, M16×2.0, M20×2.5, M24×3.0, M30×3.5, M36×4.0, … up to M100.
- Fine: M8×1.0, M10×1.25, M12×1.25 or 1.5, M16×1.5, M20×1.5.
- Tolerance positions e/f/g/h external, G/H internal; grade 6g most common.
Power threads (motion, not clamping)
- ACME (ASME B1.5) — 29° trapezoidal, e.g. 1/2-10 ACME-2G. Leadscrews, jack screws.
- Stub ACME — shallower form, higher root strength.
- Trapezoidal metric (DIN 103) — Tr40×7, 30° flank. EU machine tool lead screws.
- Buttress (DIN 513, ASME B1.9) — 7°/45° asymmetric, unidirectional load (clamps, breech blocks).
Pipe threads
- NPT (ANSI/ASME B1.20.1) — 60° taper 1°47′, seals on thread interference + sealant.
- NPTF (Dryseal) — controlled root/crest, seals without sealant.
- BSPT (Whitworth taper, ISO 7-1) — 55° taper. EU/Asian pipe.
- BSPP / G-thread (ISO 228) — 55° parallel, seals on bonded washer or O-ring (not on thread).
- JIC 37° flare (SAE J514) and ORFS — hydraulic, parallel thread + flare or O-ring seal.
Self-tapping / thread-forming
- Type A — coarse, spaced, for thin sheet.
- Type B / AB — finer, pointed.
- Type F — machine-screw thread + cutting flutes (thread-cutting, makes chips).
- Type T (Type 23) — like F but coarse, for plastic.
- Plastite — 45° trilobular for plastic, no chips.
- Taptite (CA / 2000) — trilobular thread-forming for steel/aluminium.
- Mathread / Spiralock — wedge-ramp 30° root, vibration resistant.
- Tri-Roll thread-rolling — same family.
- TORX self-tapping for sheet metal.
4. Strength grades — steel
ISO 898-1 metric property classes — the two digits are derived from UTS and yield:
- First digit × 100 = UTS in MPa.
- Second digit / 10 × first digit × 100 = yield in MPa.
| Class | UTS (MPa / ksi) | Yield (MPa / ksi) | Use |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4.6 | 400 / 58 | 240 / 35 | Mild-steel, low duty |
| 4.8 | 400 / 58 | 320 / 46 | Cold-headed low duty |
| 5.6 | 500 / 73 | 300 / 44 | General |
| 5.8 | 500 / 73 | 400 / 58 | General |
| 6.8 | 600 / 87 | 480 / 70 | Medium duty |
| 8.8 | 800 / 116 | 640 / 93 | Default high-strength M ≥ 16 |
| 9.8 | 900 / 131 | 720 / 105 | Small-diameter high strength |
| 10.9 | 1040 / 151 | 940 / 136 | Structural, automotive critical |
| 12.9 | 1220 / 177 | 1100 / 160 | SHCS, motorsport, high preload |
SAE J429 inch grades
- Grade 2 — low carbon, ~74 ksi UTS (510 MPa). General.
- Grade 5 — medium carbon, quenched and tempered, 120 ksi (827 MPa) UTS / 92 ksi yield. Auto chassis.
- Grade 8 — alloy steel, Q&T, 150 ksi (1034 MPa) UTS / 130 ksi yield. Heavy equipment.
- Grade 9 — proprietary (e.g. IFI-536), 180 ksi (1241 MPa) UTS. Equivalent to 12.9 metric.
ASTM structural / pressure
- A307 grade A — mild ~60 ksi (414 MPa), anchor and general structural.
- A325 (now F3125 gr A325) — 120/105 ksi, structural steel-to-steel connection.
- A449 — substitute for A325 with full size range.
- A490 (F3125 gr A490) — 150/130 ksi, high-strength structural.
- A574 — alloy socket-head cap screws, 170/180 ksi (1170/1240 MPa) ≈ class 12.9.
- A193 B7 — Cr-Mo studs for pressure vessels, 125 ksi UTS / 105 ksi yield.
- A193 B16 — Cr-Mo-V studs for high-temp service.
- A320 L7 — low-temperature equivalent of B7.
- A354 BC/BD — anchor rod alloy steel.
Marking: A325 stamped “A325”, A490 stamped “A490”, metric grade stamped on head as “8.8”, “10.9”, “12.9”. Manufacturer mark is mandatory for traceability.
5. Stainless grades
ISO 3506 property classes for corrosion-resistant fasteners:
| Class | Alloy ≈ | Use |
|---|---|---|
| A1 | 303 free-machining | Decorative, no salt |
| A2 | 304 / 18-8 | General stainless |
| A3 | 321 stabilised | High temp, no Mo |
| A4 | 316 with Mo | Marine, chloride, food/pharma |
| A5 | 316Ti stabilised | High-temp + chloride |
| C1/C3/C4 | martensitic 410-class | Magnetic, harder, lower corrosion |
| F1 | ferritic 430-class | Mild atmospheric |
Strength suffix: 50 / 70 / 80 / 100 = roughly 500 / 700 / 800 / 1000 MPa UTS. Most common spec is A2-70 (default) or A4-70 (marine). A2-80 / A4-80 is cold-worked for higher strength. Use A4 around salt water; A2 will pit.
Note: stainless is prone to galling during installation — apply Loctite 8023 anti-seize or use bi-alloy combinations (A2 bolt + nickel-alloy nut).
6. Bolts vs screws — by function
- Machine screw — small (M2–M8 / #0–#10), threaded full length, used in tapped hole. ASME B18.6.3.
- Cap screw — heavier, full or partial thread, hex or socket head. ASME B18.2.1 / B18.3.
- Structural bolt — A325 / A490 heavy hex; TC bolts (twist-off) have a splined tip that shears at preload (ASTM F1852, F2280), giving a calibrated tension.
- Shoulder bolt / stripper bolt — precision-ground unthreaded shoulder, threaded reduced end. Used as a pivot or guide pin under load.
- Eye bolt — formed loop, ASME B18.15. Plain or shoulder type; shoulder type allows angular load to 45°.
- Lifting eye / swivel hoist ring — load-rated rotating eye for lifting; e.g. ADB / Crosby HR-125.
- U-bolt — U-shaped threaded ends, pipe clamping or leaf-spring axle.
- J-bolt / anchor bolt — concrete anchor cast in place; J-shape or L-shape end retains in pour.
- Anchor bolt (F1554) — gr 36 / 55 / 105 for structural steel column base plates.
- Set-screw (ASME B18.3 / DIN 913–916, ISO 4026–4029) — headless, internal-drive (hex / Torx). Point styles:
- Cup point — most common, bites slightly.
- Cone point — permanent location into mating divot.
- Flat point — minimal damage, frequent removal.
- Dog point — pilot pin that engages a flat or hole, prevents shaft rotation.
- Knurled cup — anti-vibration grip.
- Soft-tip (nylon / brass) — non-marring on shafts.
- Wood screws
- Lag screw (ASME B18.2.1) — hex-head, coarse wood thread, heavy timber.
- Deck screw — bugle head, corrosion coated (ceramic / SS).
- Drywall screw — coarse for wood / fine for steel stud; bugle head sinks flush.
- GRK / Spax / Torx wood screws — self-countersinking with cutter ribs.
- Sheet-metal / self-tapping — ASME B18.6.4, type A/B/AB/F/T (see §3).
- Self-drilling (Tek screw) — built-in drill point, hex washer head, threads into steel up to 3–12 mm without pilot.
- Concrete fasteners
- Tapcon — case-hardened thread-forming screw into pre-drilled hole, light to medium.
- Sleeve anchor — expansion sleeve around bolt, medium.
- Wedge anchor — single-piece stud + expansion clip, heavy (Hilti Kwik-Bolt 3, Red Head Trubolt).
- Drop-in anchor — internally threaded shell set with setting tool, flush in slab.
- Epoxy / chemical anchor — threaded rod set in two-part epoxy or HY adhesive (Hilti HIT-HY 200, Simpson SET-XP).
- Undercut anchor (Hilti HDA) — mechanical undercut, seismic-rated.
7. Nuts
| Style | Standard | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Hex nut | ASME B18.2.2 / ISO 4032 / DIN 934 | Standard counterpart to hex bolt |
| Heavy hex | ASME B18.2.2 | Larger flats, structural / A563 |
| Jam nut (thin) | ISO 4035 / DIN 439 | Pair with main nut to lock; 0.5d thick |
| Flange nut | ISO 4161 / DIN 6923 | Integrated washer flange, often serrated |
| Nyloc / nylon-insert lock | ISO 7040 / DIN 985 | Nylon ring grips thread, ≤ 120 °C |
| All-metal lock (Stover / top-lock) | IFI-100/107 | High-temp, distorted thread |
| Cleveloc / Flexloc | proprietary | Slotted top compressed for grip |
| Wing nut | ASME B18.6.9 / DIN 315 | Hand-tightened |
| Cap / acorn nut | DIN 1587 / ISO 4042 | Domed cover over thread end |
| T-slot nut | DIN 508 / ISO 299 | Slides in machine T-slots |
| Weld nut | DIN 929 / IFI-145 | Projection-welded to sheet |
| Square nut | DIN 557 / ASME B18.2.2 | Channel and clamp use |
| Knurled thumb | DIN 466 / 467 | Hand-tightened, no tool |
| Castellated / slotted | ASME B18.2.2 / DIN 935 | Slots accept cotter pin through bolt hole |
| Keensert / Heli-Coil | IFI-128 | Internal-thread inserts into oversize tapped hole |
| K-lock (KEPS) | IFI-100 | Hex nut with captive external-tooth washer |
ASTM A563 grades (A, B, C, DH) are the structural counterparts; A563 grade DH heavy hex pairs with A490.
8. Washers
- Plain flat (ASME B18.22, ISO 7089-7094, DIN 125 / DIN 9021) — narrow (Type A) or wide (Type B / fender) bearing surface. DIN 9021 = extra-wide.
- Belleville disc spring (DIN 6796, DIN 2093) — conical, stores elastic energy; preserves preload through thermal cycling and gasket creep. Stack series (force) / parallel (deflection).
- Spring-lock (helical / split, DIN 127, ASME B18.21.1) — angled cut, bites under preload. Largely discredited above class 8.8 — research (Junker test) shows little benefit and risk of fatigue.
- Tooth-lock (DIN 6797) — internal, external, or combination teeth bite into bearing surface. Common on electrical bonding.
- Nord-Lock (and clones — Tec Series, HEICO-LOCK) — wedge-locking pair, cam angle > thread helix angle. Cannot loosen by rotation; reusable; the gold-standard anti-vibration washer.
- Fender washer — large OD relative to ID; spreads load on sheet metal.
- Structural F436 / F436M — hardened (38-45 HRC), required under A325/A490 turned elements.
- Sealing / bonded washer — EPDM or NBR rubber bonded to steel washer; weather-sealed sheet-metal screws.
- Beveled / square — for tapered I-beam flanges.
- Insulating / shoulder washer — phenolic, nylon, or Mylar; galvanic isolation.
- C-washer / slotted — slips on/off without disassembly.
9. Rivets
Solid:
- ASME B18.1.1 (small solid) / B18.1.2 (large structural).
- Aero universal-head MS20470 / NAS1097 (round dome), aero 100° CSK MS20426.
Blind / pop:
- Standard Avdel-style — mandrel pulls until break-neck snaps; pop-rivet for sheet up to 6 mm.
- Avlock / Magna-Lok / Monobolt — structural blind rivet with locked mandrel; aero and trailer skin.
- Closed-end / sealed — waterproof.
Lockbolts / pin-collar:
- Hi-Lok (HL11 series) — threaded pin + frangible collar, aerospace.
- Hi-Tigue — fatigue-rated Hi-Lok.
- Huck Lockbolt (BobTail, C50L) — pin + swaged collar, no thread.
- Magna-Bolt — heavy structural blind.
Threaded blind nuts (rivnuts):
- Rivnut / Plusnut / Nutsert (POP, Avdel) — internally threaded, blind installation in sheet.
- Sertsert — for soft material.
- Hexagonal / splined body anti-rotation versions.
Specialty:
- Drive-pin rivet — solid pin pushed through a sleeve; sets without tool from one side, light duty.
- Tubular / semi-tubular rivet — hollow shank, cold-formed; clipboards to leather goods.
- Explosive rivet — pyrotechnic cartridge sets the bucktail; aerospace blind use.
- Friction-stir spot rivet — combined FSW joining and clinching.
10. Pins
| Pin | Standard | Use |
|---|---|---|
| Dowel — cylindrical, ground | ISO 2338 / ASME B18.8.2 | Precision location, press-fit |
| Dowel — hardened | ISO 8734 | Locating in hardened tooling |
| Taper pin | ISO 2339 / DIN 1 / ASME B18.8.2 | Slight taper, holds shaft–hub |
| Groove pin | DIN 1471–1474 / ASME B18.8.2 | Three-groove length for friction lock |
| Spring (slotted) roll pin | ISO 8752 / DIN 1481 | Hollow split tube, compression hold |
| Spiral / coiled spring pin | ISO 13337 (Spirol) | Coiled strip, smoother insertion |
| Clevis pin | ASME B18.8.1 | Headed pin retained by cotter / R-clip |
| Cotter (split pin) | ISO 1234 / ASME B18.8.1 | Splits to retain castellated nut |
| R-clip / hairpin | DIN 11024 | Quick-release retainer |
| Hitch pin | — | Trailer hitch retainer, R-clip retained |
| Knurled pin | — | Light press, hand insertion |
| Quick-release detent ball-lock pin | MS17984/MS17985 | Tooling, ground support equipment |
11. Anchors
- Wedge anchor (Hilti HSA, Red Head Trubolt+, Powers Power-Stud+SD) — single-piece stud with expansion clip; cracked-concrete versions are ICC-ES rated.
- Sleeve anchor (Red Head Dynabolt) — full-length sleeve expands; better in soft / brick.
- Drop-in anchor — internal cone is driven down with setting tool; flush with slab; for ceiling threaded rod.
- Screw-type concrete anchor — Tapcon / Wedge-Bolt+ / Titen HD; thread-forms in pre-drilled hole, no expansion.
- Chemical / epoxy anchor — Hilti HIT-HY 200, HIT-RE 500 V3, Simpson SET-XP, Powers AC100+ Gold. Threaded rod (gr B7) or rebar set in two-part adhesive. Highest tensile capacity.
- Undercut anchor — Hilti HDA, Powers Atomic; mechanically undercuts the concrete, full-tension cracked-concrete rated, seismic.
- Expansion shield — split sleeve compressed by lag bolt; legacy.
- Plastic plug / wall anchor — Fischer SX nylon, Rawlplug, Toggler Alligator; light-duty in masonry / drywall.
- Toggle bolt — spring-loaded wings deploy behind drywall; medium load.
- Molly bolt — sleeve-expansion drywall anchor; permanent.
- Hammer-drive anchor — pin drives into expansion sleeve; rapid masonry.
- Powder-actuated fastener (Hilti DX, Ramset) — pin shot into concrete/steel by .22 / .27 cal cartridge.
12. Specialty
- Captive screws (PEM, Southco) — retained in panel after loosening; can’t fall into the chassis.
- Tamper-resistant
- Snake-eye / spanner-2-hole — two-hole head.
- One-way slot — drives in, won’t drive out without grinding.
- Breakaway / shear nut — torque limit shears the hex off.
- Tri-wing (aircraft interior), pentalobe (Apple), Torx-tamper (TR with centre post).
- Pre-applied thread-locker / sealer
- Loctite Dri-Loc 204 / 205 — micro-encapsulated, factory applied to thread.
- Patchlok / Long-Lok — nylon patch ridge for prevailing torque.
- Banjo bolt — hollow bolt + cross-drilled, transfers fluid through a swivel banjo eye; brake lines.
- Shoulder bolt — see §6.
- Eye-bolts (ASME B18.15) — for lifting; only shoulder type for angular load.
- U-bolts / J-bolts — see §6.
- Hanger bolt — wood-thread one end, machine-thread the other.
- Toggle / draw latch — quick-release tensioning rather than threaded clamp.
- Quick-release pin — see §10 (detent ball-lock).
13. Inserts
- Heli-Coil (Kato) — diamond cross-section stainless wire wound to form an internal thread; installed into tapped Heli-Coil STI hole.
- Free-running — standard.
- Tangless — no tang to break off after install (preferred where FOD matters).
- Screwlock — one polygon-shaped coil grips bolt thread (prevailing-torque).
- St-In — for soft materials.
- Recoil — equivalent wire-coil insert.
- Time-Sert — solid, internally and externally threaded bushing; self-locking variant by collar swage; permanent thread repair, no tang.
- Keensert / Key-Sert — solid insert with locking keys driven down to lock against external thread; aerospace standard for high-load repair.
- Big-Sert / Slimsert — oversized Time-Sert for re-repair of failed Heli-Coil hole.
- Self-tapping insert (E-Z LOK, TAPPEX Trisert) — external thread is self-cutting; one-step install in soft alloys / plastics.
- PEM nuts (PennEngineering)
- SO / SOS — broaching standoff.
- CLS / CLSS — self-clinching nut into sheet (pressed in).
- PEM-T — press-fit threaded insert for PCBs.
- Heat-set / ultrasonic insert — brass insert melted into plastic boss; standard in plastic enclosures.
- Mold-in insert — placed in injection mold before shot; permanent thread in plastic part.
14. Selection heuristics
- High vibration — Nord-Lock wedge washer pair, or Spiralock thread + Loctite 243 (medium), or 12-point ARP with verified preload.
- Aerospace weight critical — Ti-6Al-4V 12-point or NAS hex, 160 ksi tensile, paired with floating nut plate.
- Salt water / marine — A4-70 stainless or NiCu Monel; isolate from aluminium with nylon/EPDM washer.
- Structural steel building — A325 (F3125 gr A325) or A490 (gr A490) heavy hex with F436 washer and A563 DH nut; M16–M30 typical; TC twist-off F1852 / F2280 for crew efficiency.
- Wood deck (outdoor) — 304 SS deck screws #10–#12, GRK or Spax; structural connector to ledger via SDS or LedgerLok.
- Composite + aluminium — A2 or A4 stainless + non-conductive shoulder washer / phenolic spacer to break galvanic cell.
- Concrete heavy / overhead — epoxy anchor (Hilti HIT-HY 200) or undercut anchor (Hilti HDA); avoid wedge in overhead tension.
- High-strength tension joint (motorsport, fixturing) — ASTM A574 SHCS (Cl. 12.9, 180 ksi); torque-to-yield or stretch gauge.
- Pressure vessel / piping flanges — ASTM A193 B7 stud + A194 2H heavy hex nut, gasket-rated bolt-up sequence per ASME PCC-1.
- High temperature > 400 °C — A193 B16 or Inconel 718 studs, silver-plated to prevent galling.
- Cryogenic — ASTM A320 L7 (Cr-Mo equivalent of B7, impact-tested at −101 °C).
- Field-replaceable thread / repair — Heli-Coil Tangless or Time-Sert in aluminium and magnesium; Keensert in critical structure.
- Plastic enclosures — heat-set brass inserts (M2.5–M6) for repeat assembly; Plastite / Delta PT for single use.
- Sheet metal joining — Tek self-drilling for steel; clinch-nut (PEM CLS) where the back side is accessible; rivnut where blind.
- Tamper deterrence (public infrastructure) — pentalobe or spanner-2-hole + breakaway shear nut.
- Lifting / rigging — shoulder eye-bolt B18.15 only with axial load; for any angular pull use a swivel hoist ring.
15. Cross-references
- fasteners-bolts — overview, preload calculation, torque-tension and elongation methods.
- thread-standards — detailed thread-form geometry, pitch tables, tolerance classes.
- structural-shapes — I-beam, channel, tube selection; partners with structural bolts.
- joining-welding — alternative permanent joining: arc / MIG / TIG / FSW / brazing.
- surface-treatments — zinc, ZnNi, Cr3, Dacromet, hot-dip galv, phosphate, black-oxide.
- surface-treatments — dissimilar-metal pairings for fastener / parent metal choice.
16. Citations
- ASME B18.2.1 — Square, Hex, Heavy Hex, and Askew Head Bolts and Hex Screws (Inch).
- ASME B18.2.2 — Nuts for General Applications.
- ASME B18.3 — Socket Cap, Shoulder, Set Screws, and Hex Keys (Inch).
- ASME B18.6.3 — Machine Screws and Tapping Screws.
- ASME B18.21.1 — Lock Washers.
- ASME B18.22 — Plain Washers.
- ASME B1.1 — Unified Inch Screw Threads.
- ASME B1.13M — Metric Screw Threads, M Profile.
- ISO 4014 / 4017 — Hexagon head bolts and screws, products grades A and B.
- ISO 4032 / 4034 — Hexagon nuts.
- ISO 4762 — Hexagon socket head cap screws.
- ISO 7380 — Hexagon socket button head screws.
- ISO 10642 — Hexagon socket countersunk head screws.
- ISO 898-1 — Mechanical properties of fasteners, carbon and alloy steel.
- ISO 3506-1/-2 — Mechanical properties of corrosion-resistant stainless steel fasteners.
- ISO 2338 / 8734 — Parallel dowel pins.
- ISO 8752 / 13337 — Spring-type straight pins.
- DIN 912 / 931 / 933 / 985 — legacy German hex / SHCS / nyloc.
- SAE J429 — Mechanical and Material Requirements for Externally Threaded Fasteners (Inch).
- ASTM F3125 (A325, A490) — High-Strength Structural Bolts.
- ASTM A574 — Alloy Steel Socket-Head Cap Screws.
- ASTM A193 / A194 / A320 — Bolting for high-temp / high-pressure / low-temp service.
- ASTM F436 — Hardened Steel Washers.
- ASTM F1554 — Anchor Bolts, Steel, 36 / 55 / 105 ksi Yield.
- ASTM F1852 / F2280 — Twist-Off Tension-Control Bolts.
- John H. Bickford, “Handbook of Bolts and Bolted Joints,” CRC Press, 1998.
- John H. Bickford, “An Introduction to the Design and Behavior of Bolted Joints,” 4th ed., CRC Press, 2007.
- Industrial Fasteners Institute, “Inch Fastener Standards,” 9th ed., IFI.
- Industrial Fasteners Institute, “Metric Fastener Standards,” 4th ed., IFI.
- VDI 2230 — Systematic calculation of high-duty bolted joints (preload method).
- ASME PCC-1 — Guidelines for Pressure Boundary Bolted Flange Joint Assembly.