Compendium

Pipe Schedules & Fittings — Family Index

18 min read

Pipe Schedules & Fittings — Family Index

1. At a glance

Pipe-system specification lives in two parallel standards worlds that engineers must routinely translate between:

  • ASME / ANSI (US-origin, dominant in oil-and-gas + petrochem worldwide): nominal size in NPS (Nominal Pipe Size, inches), wall thickness as a Schedule number, flange ratings as Class (lb).
  • ISO / EN (metric, dominant in EU + most non-US municipal water + HVAC): nominal size in DN (Diamètre Nominal, mm), wall thickness as series (S-classes) or direct mm, flange ratings as PN (Pression Nominale, bar).

Core ASME code family every piping engineer must know:

  • ASME B36.10M — welded and seamless wrought-steel pipe (carbon and low-alloy).
  • ASME B36.19M — stainless-steel pipe (thinner walls; the S schedules).
  • ASME B16.5 — pipe flanges and flanged fittings NPS ½″ – 24″ (Class 150 / 300 / 400 / 600 / 900 / 1500 / 2500).
  • ASME B16.47 — large-diameter steel flanges NPS 26″ – 60″ (Series A = MSS SP-44; Series B = old API 605, lighter).
  • ASME B16.9 — factory-made wrought butt-welding fittings.
  • ASME B16.11 — forged socket-welding and threaded fittings (small-bore, Class 3000/6000/9000).
  • ASME B16.20 — metallic gaskets (spiral-wound, jacketed, RTJ).
  • ASME B16.21 — non-metallic flat gaskets.
  • ASME B16.34 — valve pressure-temperature ratings + material groups.
  • ASME B31.1 — power piping (utility steam, boiler external).
  • ASME B31.3 — process piping (refinery, petrochem, chemical).
  • ASME B31.8 — gas transmission and distribution.
  • ASME PCC-1 — guidelines for pressure-boundary bolted-flange-joint assembly.

Companion specs: API 5L (line pipe), API 6A (wellhead/RTJ flanges), MSS SP-44 (steel pipeline flanges), ASTM A106 (seamless CS pipe), A312 (welded SS pipe), A335 (alloy CS for high-T), A234 WPB/WP- (butt-weld fittings), A403 WP304/316 (SS fittings).

2. NPS vs DN

NPS sizes do not equal outside diameter (OD) for NPS ≤ 12″ — OD is fixed per size, wall thickness varies with schedule, ID changes with schedule. For NPS ≥ 14″, NPS = OD in inches exactly. Common pairing:

NPSDNOD (mm)
1/8″610.3
1/4″813.7
3/8″1017.1
1/2″1521.3
3/4″2026.7
1″2533.4
1-1/4″3242.2
1-1/2″4048.3
2″5060.3
2-1/2″6573.0
3″8088.9
4″100114.3
6″150168.3
8″200219.1
10″250273.0
12″300323.8
14″350355.6 (= 14.000″)
16″400406.4
18″450457.0
20″500508.0
24″600610.0
26″650660.0
30″750762.0
36″900914.0
42″10501067.0
48″12001219.0

3. Schedules / wall thickness

Schedule numbers historically derive from a roughly constant P / S ratio (working pressure over allowable stress), so the same Sch number across sizes does not give a constant wall thickness. Common families:

  • Sch 5, 10, 20, 30 — very light, low-pressure utility, ventilation.
  • Sch 40 / STD — the most common; “Standard Weight.” Up to NPS 10 inclusive, STD = Sch 40. From NPS 12 upward, STD = constant 9.53 mm (0.375″) wall, no longer = Sch 40.
  • Sch 60, 80, XS — medium pressure. Up to NPS 8 inclusive, XS = Sch 80. From NPS 10 upward, XS = constant 12.7 mm (0.500″) wall.
  • Sch 100, 120, 140, 160 — high-pressure.
  • XXS — Double Extra Strong; thickest wall not Sch-aligned; legacy heavy-wall.

Typical wall thicknesses (mm, with inches in parens), carbon-steel NPS ½″ – 12″:

NPSSch 10Sch 40 (STD ≤10)Sch 80 (XS ≤8)Sch 160
½″2.11 (0.083)2.77 (0.109)3.73 (0.147)4.78 (0.188)
¾″2.11 (0.083)2.87 (0.113)3.91 (0.154)5.56 (0.219)
1″2.77 (0.109)3.38 (0.133)4.55 (0.179)6.35 (0.250)
1½″2.77 (0.109)3.68 (0.145)5.08 (0.200)7.14 (0.281)
2″2.77 (0.109)3.91 (0.154)5.54 (0.218)8.74 (0.344)
3″3.05 (0.120)5.49 (0.216)7.62 (0.300)11.13 (0.438)
4″3.05 (0.120)6.02 (0.237)8.56 (0.337)13.49 (0.531)
6″3.40 (0.134)7.11 (0.280)10.97 (0.432)18.26 (0.719)
8″3.76 (0.148)8.18 (0.322)12.70 (0.500)23.01 (0.906)
10″4.19 (0.165)9.27 (0.365)15.09 (0.594)28.58 (1.125)
12″4.57 (0.180)10.31 (0.406) — not STD17.48 (0.688) — not XS33.32 (1.312)

4. Stainless schedules (B36.19)

Stainless-steel pipe is normally specified in the S (stainless) schedules — thinner than the matching carbon schedule because the allowable stress is higher and corrosion allowance is usually zero:

  • 5S, 10S — utility and low-pressure (sanitary, drainage, cooling).
  • 40S — process default for SS up through medium pressure.
  • 80S — heavier wall when allowable-stress derating at temperature pushes design that way.

Sch 40S ≈ Sch 40 for NPS ≤ 10 (numerically identical wall in many sizes), but 40S is a B36.19 designation and applies to a defined SS pipe size list. Don’t substitute interchangeably on a procurement spec.

5. Pressure classes (flanges, B16.5)

Flange Class is a dimensional + pressure-rating tier, not a single pressure. Same class supports very different working pressures depending on material and temperature:

  • Class 150 — bulk of low/medium-pressure service. A105 carbon steel at 38 °C (100 °F) ≈ 19.6 bar (285 psig); at 400 °C (750 °F) ≈ 9.7 bar (140 psig).
  • Class 300 — A105 at 38 °C ≈ 51.1 bar (740 psig); at 400 °C ≈ 25.2 bar (365 psig).
  • Class 400, 600 — refinery main process headers.
  • Class 900, 1500 — high-pressure hydrogen, HP steam, oil-field manifolds.
  • Class 2500 — extreme high-pressure (special-service wellhead, hydrocracker reactor loops).

Above Class 600 the standard face is RTJ rather than RF. PN equivalents are approximate, not identical: Class 150 ≈ PN 20, Class 300 ≈ PN 50, Class 600 ≈ PN 110, Class 900 ≈ PN 150, Class 1500 ≈ PN 260, Class 2500 ≈ PN 420.

6. Material groups (ASME B16.34)

B16.34 organizes materials into groups so pressure-temperature ratings can be tabulated efficiently:

  • Group 1.1 — A105 forged carbon steel, A106B seamless CS, A216 WCB cast CS — the workhorse.
  • Group 1.7 — A350 LF2, A352 LCB low-temperature carbon steel down to –46 °C (–50 °F).
  • Group 1.9 — 1¼Cr-½Mo (A182 F11, A217 WC6) — moderate-high-T alloy.
  • Group 1.10 — 2¼Cr-1Mo (A182 F22, A217 WC9) — hydrogen + high-T refinery.
  • Group 2.1 — A182 F304 / F304L austenitic SS.
  • Group 2.2 — A182 F316 / F316L (Mo-bearing, chloride/acid resistant).
  • Group 2.8 — A182 F321 / F347 (stabilized SS, post-weld stable).
  • Group 3.2 — 12 Cr martensitic (A182 F6a, 410 SS).
  • Group 4.1 — duplex 2205 (A182 F51, UNS S31803).
  • Group 4.2 — super-duplex 2507 (A182 F53/F55).
  • Inconel groups — Alloy 600 / 625 / 825 / C-276 — high-T sour-service.

7. Flange types

  • Weld-neck (WN) — long tapered hub welded to pipe at a butt-weld. The reference flange for ASME B16.5 — best fatigue + thermal performance. Default for Class 300+ and any cyclic / high-T service.
  • Slip-on (SO) — pipe slips through, double-fillet-welded both sides of the flange face. Lower-cost; lower rating than WN for the same class; not preferred for high cycle or cryogenic.
  • Socket-weld (SW) — small-bore (NPS ≤ 2″ typical), pipe inserts into a counter-bored socket and is fillet-welded externally. Class 3000/6000/9000 in B16.11.
  • Threaded (THD / NPT) — utility / instrument air / low-pressure water (NPS ≤ 2″). Not allowed in B31.3 Category M / severe-cyclic service.
  • Blind (BL) — solid closure for line termination, manway, or future tie-in.
  • Lap-joint (LJ) + stub-end — flange floats over a stub-end butt-welded to pipe. Used for alignment flexibility, frequent dismantling, and to save cost when the pipe is an expensive alloy (e.g., titanium pipe + carbon-steel backing flange).
  • Reducing flange — bolt circle of one size, bore of a smaller size; used in tight layouts where a separate reducer doesn’t fit.
  • Long-weld-neck (LWN) — extended WN that becomes the nozzle barrel on vessels and small bore reactors.

8. Flange faces

  • Flat-face (FF) — full-face gasket required. Mandatory when mating to cast iron, brittle plastic flange, or any case where edge loading would crack the partner; FF should mate to FF, never FF↔RF without a flat-face spacer/gasket.
  • Raised-face (RF) — the default for carbon and stainless steel. Face is raised 1.6 mm (1/16″) for Class ≤ 300, 6.4 mm (1/4″) for Class ≥ 400. Surface finish typically 3.2 – 6.3 µm Ra serrated phonographic (125 – 250 µin) — the spiral / concentric grooves grip soft and spiral-wound gaskets.
  • Ring-type-joint (RTJ) — machined groove holds an oval or octagonal metal ring (soft iron, low-alloy 4-6 % Cr, 304 / 316 SS, Inconel 625) per API 6A + B16.20. Metal-to-metal seal energized by bolt-up. Standard above Class 600 and on essentially all wellhead / Christmas-tree service.
  • Tongue-and-groove (T&G) + Male-female (M&F) — older, application-specific; the matching geometry locates and confines the gasket. Found on some heat-exchanger channel covers and severe-leakage service.
  • Lens ring (DIN 2696) — European HP analogue to RTJ, single line contact metal-to-metal.

Surface finish must match the gasket: smooth (≤ 1.6 µm Ra / 63 µin) for hard gaskets like PTFE envelope or graphite ribbon-style; serrated phonographic 3.2 – 6.3 µm Ra for spiral-wound and Kammprofile; RTJ groove finish 1.6 µm Ra max for metal ring seating.

9. Butt-weld fittings (B16.9)

Wall matches the connecting pipe Schedule. Bevel prepped 37.5° per ASME B16.25 for a standard V-groove root-pass weld.

  • 90° elbow long-radius (LR) — center-to-end = 1.5 × NPS in inches. The default; lower pressure drop, better flow-induced-vibration behavior.
  • 90° elbow short-radius (SR) — center-to-end = 1.0 × NPS. Used only where space-constrained; higher ΔP, worse fatigue at the throat.
  • 45° elbow — also 1 × NPS / 1.5 × NPS variants.
  • Tee — equal (run × branch same NPS) or reducing (branch smaller).
  • Cross — four-way; rare in modern process design (preferred to use two tees with a short spool).
  • Concentric reducer — used on vertical runs where centerline alignment matters.
  • Eccentric reducer — flat-side-up on pump suction (avoids vapor trapping) or flat-side-down on a horizontal liquid line (avoids solids settling).
  • Cap — line termination, no future tie-in expected.
  • Stub-end (B16.9) — pairs with a lap-joint flange (Type A short barrel for SS, Type B long barrel for CS, Type C MSS for low-pressure).

Materials: A234 WPB (carbon steel for B31.3 process), A234 WPC (higher-strength CS), A234 WP1/WP11/WP22 (Cr-Mo for high-T), A420 WPL6 (low-T carbon to –46 °C / –50 °F), A403 WP304 / WP316 / WP321 / WP347 (austenitic SS), A815 WP-S31803 (duplex 2205), B366 WPNCMC (Inconel C-276).

10. Socket-weld + threaded fittings (B16.11)

Small-bore forged construction. Three pressure classes:

  • Class 3000 — most common, roughly matches Sch 80 pipe rating.
  • Class 6000 — matches Sch 160 pipe.
  • Class 9000 — XXS pipe rating, severe-service small-bore.

Socket-weld is preferred over threaded above ~Class 150 because of fatigue + corrosion in the thread roots. B31.3 prohibits threaded joints in severe-cyclic service. A common SW detail keeps a 1.5 mm (1/16″) gap between pipe end and socket bottom to accommodate weld shrinkage without cracking the fillet.

11. Gaskets (B16.20 / B16.21)

  • Soft non-metallic (B16.21): non-asbestos compressed-fiber (Garlock 3000-series, Klingersil C-4400/C-4430), elastomer (EPDM for hot water/steam to ~150 °C, NBR for hydrocarbon, FKM/Viton for chemicals to ~200 °C, FFKM/Kalrez for severe chemicals to ~315 °C), PTFE (Gore GR / Gylon — chemical-inert, cold-flow-prone), expanded graphite for high-T.
  • Spiral-wound (B16.20): alternating V-shaped metal strip (304 / 316 / 321 / Inconel 625 / Hastelloy C-276) and filler (graphite Flexitallic Style CG/CGI, PTFE Style LSI, mica Thermiculite). Outer guide ring (CS or SS) controls compression — must be specified to match the flange class. Inner ring strongly recommended at Class 900+ and any graphite-filler service above 260 °C to prevent inward buckling.
  • Kammprofile / camprofile: solid metal core with concentric serrations + thin soft-facing layer (graphite or PTFE). Flexitallic Sigma 500/600, Lamons Gridgasket. Higher unit-load tolerance + lower seating stress than spiral-wound; reusable in many cases.
  • Jacketed (B16.20): soft filler in a thin metal jacket — used on heat-exchanger channel and shell flanges.
  • RTJ: oval (Type R, B16.20) or octagonal (Type RX); Type BX for API 6A high-pressure wellhead with a self-energizing pressure-actuated lip. Material softer than flange groove — soft iron (Hardness ≤ 90 HB) into CS grooves, 316 ring (≤ 160 HB) into 316 grooves, etc.

12. Studs & nuts

Threaded studs (full-length-threaded studs, not bolts — flange bolting in B16.5 is always studs + two nuts) per ASTM A193 with nuts per ASTM A194:

  • A193 B7 + A194 2H — alloy-steel quenched-and-tempered, the standard CS-flange bolting up to ~400 °C (752 °F). 105 ksi (725 MPa) min yield.
  • A193 B7M + A194 2HM — hardness-controlled version for sour service per NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156. 80 ksi (550 MPa) min yield.
  • A193 B16 + A194 7 — 1Cr-½Mo-V alloy, high-T applications to ~538 °C (1000 °F).
  • A193 B8 / B8M Class 1 + A194 8 / 8M — 304 / 316 SS, low-T and chemical service. Yield ~30 ksi (205 MPa) — derated significantly vs B7.
  • A193 B8 / B8M Class 2 — strain-hardened SS, recovers yield strength close to B7 but loses ductility.
  • A453 Gr 660 — Fe-Ni-Cr precipitation-hardened, high-T / cryogenic with thermal-expansion matched to austenitic flanges.

Bolt-up per ASME PCC-1: clean threads + bearing faces, lubricate (high-pressure nickel anti-seize for SS-on-SS to prevent galling, moly-disulfide grease for B7), cross-pattern torque in passes — typically 30 % → 60 % → 100 % of target, followed by a final round-pattern rotation pass at 100 %. Target torque must account for the friction coefficient of the chosen lube — published K-factors range from 0.10 (lubed) to 0.20 (dry).

13. Other fittings (non-flanged joining)

  • Grooved coupling (Victaulic, Anvil Gruvlok, Shurjoint) — rolled or cut groove near pipe end + housing key engages the groove + elastomer gasket between. Rapid assembly, accommodates small misalignment + thermal motion (rigid + flexible variants). Dominant in fire-protection (NFPA 13), commercial HVAC chilled / condenser water, and increasingly municipal raw-water plants.
  • Compression / instrument tube fittings (Swagelok, Parker A-LOK, Hoke Gyrolok) — two ferrules drive into tube OD when nut is tightened ~1¼ turn from finger-tight. NPS ≤ ½″ instrument tubing for sample, impulse, hydraulic.
  • ORFS (O-Ring Face Seal, SAE J1453) — flat face on male end, BUNA / FKM O-ring captured in groove on the other; common hydraulic + mobile-equipment standard.
  • DIN 24960 / ED seal — metric flat-seal hydraulic fitting (Europe + Asia).
  • NPT (ANSI B1.20.1) — tapered American pipe thread; needs sealant (PTFE tape, anaerobic). BSPT (ISO 7-1) — tapered metric/British equivalent. BSPP (ISO 228, parallel) — uses a seal washer or O-ring, not thread-on-thread sealing.
  • Cam-and-groove (MIL-C-27487) — quick-connect for hose to pipe, tank-truck loading.
  • Tri-Clamp (ISO 1127 / ASME BPE) — sanitary flange + clamp + EPDM gasket; the standard for food, dairy, beverage, biopharma WFI.

14. Polymer pipe systems

  • PVC (Schedule 40 / 80) per ASTM D1785 — drainage, irrigation, cold-water chemical service to ~60 °C. Joined by solvent-cement (D2855 procedure) or threaded (Sch 80 only).
  • CPVC per ASTM F441 — chlorinated PVC; service to ~93 °C (200 °F); hot domestic water, mild chemicals.
  • HDPE PE 4710 per ASTM F714 (large-diameter) + D3035 (small) — sized by SDR (Standard Dimension Ratio = OD / wall) rather than schedule. SDR 11 / 13.5 / 17 / 21 common. Joints: butt fusion (most common, full-circumference heated-platen weld per ASTM F2620), socket fusion (small bore), electrofusion (coupling with embedded resistance wire — for repairs, branch saddles, tight spaces), mechanical compression. Dominant for municipal water distribution, gas (PE 2406 / 2708 yellow), mining slurry, landfill leachate.
  • PP-RCT (polypropylene random copolymer crystalline-temperature) — Aquatherm Greenpipe, Wavin PP-RCT, Aliaxis. Heat-fused; chilled / heating / DHW commercial.
  • PVDF / PFA / ECTFE — high-purity acids (HF, H₂SO₄, semiconductor wet-bench); butt or IR-fusion welded, PFA-lined CS pipe uses an inner fluoropolymer liner inside a CS spool for chlorine and similar.
  • GRP / FRP (ASTM D2996 / D2310) — glass-fiber-reinforced thermoset (epoxy or vinyl-ester); oilfield produced-water, seawater fire-water on platforms, chemical scrubber duct.
  • Tubing (PEX, ASTM F876 / F877) — crosslinked PE for domestic hot/cold water and hydronic radiant floor heating.

15. Copper tube

Per ASTM B88 (water tube) and ASTM B280 (ACR — air-conditioning and refrigeration tube cleaned + capped per ASTM B280). Color-coded:

  • Type K (green stripe) — heaviest wall, buried municipal water service, fire protection, medical gas underground.
  • Type L (blue stripe) — interior commercial / hospital plumbing, medical-gas exposed runs, HVAC chilled water.
  • Type M (red stripe) — thin wall, residential cold + hot water inside structure; not allowed for medical gas.
  • Type DWV (yellow stripe) — thinnest wall, drain-waste-vent above-ground only.
  • ACR tube (ASTM B280) — refrigeration-grade, dehydrated and N₂-capped, sized by OD (not nominal). Used for refrigerant lines.

Joints: solder (lead-free Sn-Ag or Sn-Cu for potable water — Pb-free is mandatory in US per Reduction of Lead in Drinking Water Act + EU), brazed with BCuP-5 or BAg phos-copper or silver alloys at ~700 °C for HVAC + refrigeration + medical gas (medical-gas brazing requires inert-gas purge per NFPA 99), press-fit (Viega ProPress, Apollo XPress) — copper or SS sleeve with embedded EPDM/FKM O-ring crimped by a special tool, no flame required.

16. Hydraulic / specialty tube

  • Seamless hydraulic tube per ASTM A269 / A213 (SS) + DIN 2391 / EN 10305 (CS) — small-bore high-pressure, sized by OD + wall thickness directly (not NPS). Joined with compression fittings, flared (37° SAE J514, 45° SAE), bite-type, or welded.
  • SAE J356 / J525 — auto fuel-line + brake-line tubing (steel, copper-nickel).
  • Sanitary tube (ASME BPE) — 316L SS, OD-sized (½″ – 12″), electropolished interior typically Ra ≤ 0.5 µm (20 µin), joined by orbital TIG-welding or Tri-Clamp. Biopharma, semiconductor UPW, dairy CIP-able product lines.
  • Convoluted / flex hose (PTFE-lined SS overbraid, e.g., Parker Parflex 919, Swagelok FX) — chemical service, jumper between equipment with motion or thermal growth.

17. Pipe-support hardware

  • Clamps + clevis hangers — Anvil-International (Grinnell) Fig. 260 clevis, Cooper B-Line, Tolco, NIBCO. Sized to pipe OD + insulation thickness.
  • U-bolts (MSS SP-58) — vertical-run guides; standard saddle U-bolts for ASME spacing.
  • Pipe rests + sliding shoes — flat plate or T-shoe on a structural beam; PTFE-faced slide plates for low-friction thermal walk (especially LNG + high-T steam mains).
  • Spring hangers (variable-effort) — Bergen-Paterson / Lisega / PT&P. Coil spring supports the load while allowing vertical movement during thermal growth. Used where deflection range is moderate (~25 mm / 1″).
  • Constant-load hangers — cam-and-spring mechanism keeps support force constant through the entire stroke. Used at any point where load variation would otherwise exceed ~25 % between cold and hot positions (large-displacement high-T mains).
  • Snubbers — hydraulic or mechanical; lock under seismic / blast-wave shock but allow slow thermal motion. Common in nuclear + high-vibration service.
  • Anchors + guides + line stops — fully fix the pipe (anchor), constrain laterally but allow axial (guide), or constrain axially at one point (stop). Layout per ASME B31 stress analysis with CAESAR II / AutoPIPE modeling.

18. Selection heuristics (worked examples)

  • Refinery main process header — 200 °C, 60 bar (Class 600 service): carbon-steel A106 Gr B Sch 80, butt-weld fittings A234 WPB, weld-neck flanges A105 Class 600 RF, spiral-wound gasket 316/graphite with CS outer + inner ring, stud bolting A193 B7 + A194 2H moly-lubed, torque per PCC-1.
  • High-pressure oil-field wellhead — 700 bar: API 6A Class 10000–15000 flanged spools, RTJ Type BX ring (Inconel 625 in CS-clad groove on sour service), studs A193 B7M / B16 + 2HM nuts.
  • LNG cryogenic transfer — –162 °C: A312 TP304L Sch 10S SS pipe, A403 WP304L butt-weld fittings, A182 F304L weld-neck flanges Class 150, gasket PTFE-jacketed with stainless winding or solid GORE-Tex GR PTFE, bolting A320 L7 / A194 Gr 4 or A453 660 for thermal-expansion match.
  • Municipal water main — 16 bar: HDPE PE 4710 SDR 17 butt-fused. Sized by SDR not Sch.
  • Commercial HVAC chilled water — 12 bar, 6 °C: carbon-steel Sch 10 with Victaulic grooved couplings + Series 75 / 77 flexible fittings + EPDM gasket. Rolled groove not cut groove on Sch 10.
  • Biopharma WFI — 80 °C distribution, 121 °C SIP: 316L Sanitary BPE tube OD-sized, electropolished Ra ≤ 0.4 µm, orbital-TIG-welded with full-penetration root, Tri-Clamp + EPDM Class VI gasket, dead-leg-free per BPE.
  • Sulfuric acid 98 %, ambient: PVDF or PFA-lined CS spool with vented annulus; flanged, full-face PTFE envelope gasket on FF flange.
  • Long-distance pipeline — 1067 mm (42″) gas trunk: API 5L X70 LSAW (longitudinal-DSAW for diameter ≥ 16″) or HSAW (helical-spiral SAW for larger diameter / lower cost), buried with FBE + 3LPE external coating.
  • Sanitary food cleaning skid: 316L Tri-Clamp sanitary, EPDM food-grade gasket (peroxide-cured for hot CIP), 3-A Sanitary Standard approved.

19. Cross-references

20. Citations

  • ASME B36.10M — Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe.
  • ASME B36.19M — Stainless Steel Pipe.
  • ASME B16.5 — Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings: NPS ½ through NPS 24.
  • ASME B16.9 — Factory-Made Wrought Buttwelding Fittings.
  • ASME B16.11 — Forged Fittings, Socket-Welding and Threaded.
  • ASME B16.20 — Metallic Gaskets for Pipe Flanges: Ring-Joint, Spiral-Wound, and Jacketed.
  • ASME B16.21 — Nonmetallic Flat Gaskets for Pipe Flanges.
  • ASME B16.34 — Valves — Flanged, Threaded, and Welding End.
  • ASME B16.47 — Large Diameter Steel Flanges: NPS 26 through NPS 60.
  • ASME B31.1 — Power Piping.
  • ASME B31.3 — Process Piping.
  • ASME B31.8 — Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems.
  • ASME PCC-1 — Guidelines for Pressure Boundary Bolted Flange Joint Assembly.
  • API 5L — Specification for Line Pipe.
  • API 6A — Wellhead and Tree Equipment.
  • API 6FD — Fire Test for Check Valves / pressure-relief valves.
  • ASTM A106 / A312 / A335 — pipe (CS seamless / SS welded / alloy-CS).
  • ASTM A234 / A403 / A420 — buttweld fittings.
  • ASTM A193 / A194 / A320 / A453 — bolting.
  • NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 — sour-service materials.
  • Crane Technical Paper No. 410 — Flow of Fluids Through Valves, Fittings, and Pipe.
  • MSS SP-44 — Steel Pipeline Flanges.
  • MSS SP-58 — Pipe Hangers and Supports — Materials, Design, Manufacture, Selection, Application.
  • ASME BPE — Bioprocessing Equipment.

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