Valves Catalog
Comprehensive catalog of industrial valves: linear-motion (globe, gate, needle, plug, diaphragm, pinch), rotary (ball, butterfly, plug), check, pressure-relief and rupture-disk, control-valve trims and characteristics, and the full spectrum of actuation (manual, pneumatic, electric, hydraulic, solenoid). Standards (API 6D/600/602/603/526/527, ASME B16.34, FCI 70-2, IEC 60534, ISO 5208), Cv/Kv sizing, seat-leakage classes, and OEM flagship lines included.
1. Valve Body Patterns — Quick Map
| Pattern | Motion | Best for | Typical loss coefficient K | Throttle ability |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gate | Linear (axial) | On-off, full-bore flow | 0.10–0.20 | Poor (do not throttle) |
| Globe | Linear (axial) | Throttling + isolation | 4–10 | Excellent |
| Needle | Linear (axial), tapered plug | Fine flow control, instrument | 6–15 | Excellent (low Cv) |
| Plug (linear) | Linear with seat lift | Severe service throttling | 4–8 | Good |
| Diaphragm | Linear, weir or straight-through | Hygienic, abrasive, corrosive | 2–5 | Moderate |
| Pinch | Linear, sleeve squeeze | Slurry, abrasive | 1–3 | Poor (binary preferred) |
| Ball (floating / trunnion) | Quarter-turn rotary | On-off, some throttling (V-ball) | 0.05 (full bore) | Moderate (segment / V-ball best) |
| Butterfly (concentric / DO / TO) | Quarter-turn rotary | On-off, throttling at lower ΔP | 0.3–1.5 | Good |
| Plug (rotary) | Quarter-turn rotary | On-off, mild throttling | 0.5–3 | Moderate |
| Check (swing / lift / tilt / dual / ball) | Self-actuated | Backflow prevention | varies | n/a |
| Pressure relief (PSV / PRV) | Self-actuated | Overpressure protection | n/a | n/a |
| Rupture disk | Single-event | Overpressure last-line | n/a | n/a |
| Pinch / nozzle / orifice | Fixed | Restriction, flow conditioning | varies | n/a |
2. Gate Valves
Linear-motion, parallel- or wedge-faced disk slides perpendicular to flow. Full-bore (no Cv penalty when open). On-off only; throttling causes erosion of seat + disk and seat leakage.
| Body type | Wedge / disk | Service | Standards |
|---|---|---|---|
| Solid-wedge | Single tapered disk | General isolation, water, steam | API 600, API 603, MSS-SP-70 |
| Flexible-wedge | One-piece w/ relief groove | Compensates thermal pinch | API 600 |
| Split-wedge | Two-piece, self-aligning | High-temp HC, distortion-prone | API 600 |
| Parallel double-disk (slab + expanding) | Two parallel disks with spreader | Bidirectional pipeline, double block & bleed | API 6D, API 6A |
| Through-conduit / slab | Single slab with through-hole | Pipeline pigging, no pocket | API 6D |
| Knife gate | Thin disk, no wedge | Slurry, pulp, mining | MSS-SP-81, TAPPI |
| Wedge-type knife | Knife + wedge seat | Heavy slurry, dewatering | MSS-SP-135 |
Bonnet types: bolted (most common), pressure-seal (above ANSI #900; self-energizing seal), welded (high-pressure compact), screwed (low-pressure small bore).
Stem types: outside screw and yoke (OS&Y; visible position, large valves), inside screw rising stem, inside screw non-rising stem (compact, buried service).
Major mfrs (gate):
- Velan (Canada) — API 600 wedge + slab; nuclear (ASME III)
- Cameron (Schlumberger / SLB) — API 6A/6D pipeline + wellhead; WKM, Grove, DEMCO
- Emerson Vanessa (Emerson) — TBV gate triple-offset; Emerson Bettis stems
- Pentair Anderson Greenwood / Crane / Saunders / Pacific (Pentair, Crane, Pentair sold valves division to Trillium 2024) — pipeline gate
- KITZ (Japan) — API 600 wedge
- Newco / Bonney Forge (USA) — API 600 / 602
- Powell Valves (USA) — gate + globe + check forged
- Smith Valves / Walworth (USA legacy / Mexico) — API 600
- L&T Valves (India) — API 600/6D
- Audco (Larsen & Toubro) — API 600/6D
- Petrolvalves (Italy) — API 6D pipeline gate
- IMI Truflo / Bopp & Reuther / SchuF (DE) — high-pressure forged
3. Globe Valves
Linear-motion plug-and-seat; flow turns 90° through valve. Designed for throttling. High pressure drop.
| Body | Disk style | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| T-pattern (straight) | Plug, ball, V-port, needle | Highest ΔP; default |
| Y-pattern (oblique seat) | Plug | Reduced ΔP, allows visual stem on horizontal line |
| Angle (90°) | Plug | Eliminates one elbow, less turbulence |
| Bellows-sealed | Plug | Welded-bellows stem seal — zero emissions; HC and nuclear |
| 3-way (mix / divert) | Plug or disk | HVAC + process mixing |
| Forged needle (instrument) | Tapered needle | 1/8” to 2”, to 6000 psi |
Trim styles for control globes (see §10).
Major mfrs (globe):
- Emerson Fisher — easy-e (control), 3500 (severe service)
- Flowserve Valtek + Edward — Mark One, ValDisk, Edward forged
- Velan, KITZ, Newco, Bonney Forge, Powell — isolation
- Samson — 240 series (control)
- Crane / Pacific / Walworth — isolation
- Spirax Sarco — steam-service stop, stop-check, isolation
- Parker, Swagelok, Hoke — instrument needle
- IMI CCI / Truflo — DRAG severe-service anti-cavitation globe
4. Ball Valves
Quarter-turn rotary; spherical ball with bore. Two seat designs:
| Design | Description | Pressure | Service |
|---|---|---|---|
| Floating ball | Ball is forced against downstream seat by line pressure | Low to mid (typically ≤ ANSI #600, ≤ DN 200) | General isolation, instrument |
| Trunnion-mounted | Ball is pinned top + bottom; spring-loaded seats face the ball; double block & bleed possible | High (ANSI #150 to #2500, DN 50 to 1500+) | Pipeline, oil-and-gas, large bore |
| Top-entry trunnion | Bonnet from top, allows in-line service | High | Mainline pipeline |
| Side-entry / three-piece | Body splits in 3 sections | Low to mid | Hygienic, frequent maintenance |
Port styles: full bore (Cv unrestricted, pigging), reduced bore (one ANSI size smaller), V-port (control), characterized (equal-percentage), segment.
Multi-port: 2-way (default), 3-way L-port (divert), 3-way T-port (mix), 4-way / 5-way (special).
Seat materials: PTFE virgin / 15-25% GF / 25% C-filled / Devlon, PEEK (HC + steam), DELRIN, Viton, metal-seated (Stellite 6/21 hardfacing on 316SS or chrome-carbide overlay) for high-temp + severe service.
Major mfrs (ball):
- Cameron (SLB) — ORBIT, Grove, WKM, DEMCO (oilfield + pipeline mainline)
- Velan — TopEntry, side-entry; nuclear ASME III
- KITZ — 5K/10K/20K floating + trunnion
- Emerson Vanessa (triple-offset metal-seated)
- Flowserve Argus, Flowserve / Worcester / Atomac mag-drive sealless
- Bray Controls — Series 22/32/44 industrial, Z15 cryogenic
- IMI CCI / Truflo / STI / Orton
- Habonim (Israel) — fire-safe, instrument
- Swagelok / Parker / Hoke — instrument 1/8” to 2”
- Saunders / Pacific / Crane — sanitary 3-A
- Pentair Tyco / Apollo (Conbraco) — distribution, fire safety
- Audco India, Petrolvalves, RMA — pipeline
- Habonim, Mokveld (NL) — axial-flow + ball
- Tufline, Tomoe, Hisaka (Japan) — process
Fire-safe rating: API 607 (soft-seated), API 6FA (severe), ISO 10497.
Anti-static: built-in metallic conductive path from stem to body per BS 5351.
Live-loaded stem packing: Belleville-stacked stem gland prevents fugitive emissions; meets API 622/624 and ISO 15848.
5. Butterfly Valves
Quarter-turn disk pivoting in flow stream. Three offset classes (impacts seat life and rating):
| Class | Disk-pivot offset | Stem-axis offset (from disk plane) | Cone-axis offset (seat-conical angle) | Service |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Concentric (zero-offset) | Disk pivots on flow centerline; stem on disk centerline | Yes (0) | No (cylindrical seat) | Low ΔP, on-off, large bore water; elastomer-lined |
| Double-offset / high-performance | Disk shaft offset from disk centerline + from pipe centerline | 2 offsets | No | Higher pressure (ANSI #150–600), tight shutoff with PTFE / metal seats |
| Triple-offset / TOV | Adds conical seating geometry | 3 offsets | Yes | High-pressure / high-temp / zero-leakage metal seat; replaces gate + globe in many HC services |
Body styles: wafer (clamped between flanges), lugged (tapped lugs allow dead-end service), flanged, double-flange, butt-weld.
Seat materials: EPDM, NBR, FKM (Viton), CR (chloroprene), CSM (Hypalon), Buna-N, natural rubber for water + slurry; PTFE / TFM and metal (Inconel 625, Stellite) for HP + HT.
Major mfrs (butterfly):
- Bray — Series 20/22/30/35 (concentric), Bray-Mckanick triple-offset
- Emerson Vanessa — Series 30 000 (triple-offset zero-leakage metal-seated)
- Flowserve Adams Armaturen / Durco T4 — triple-offset
- Emerson Keystone — F89/F990 high-perf, GR/GRW concentric
- Velan — Velan ABV (triple-offset)
- KITZ — DJ / DA / DJB
- Pentair Crane ChemPharma — chemical service
- Tyco Vanessa (now Emerson) — triple-offset legacy
- DeZurik (water + slurry concentric)
- Crane / Saunders — diaphragm (separate)
- Persta, Hilton, Hisaka — Asia / EU regional
6. Plug Valves (Rotary)
Quarter-turn cylindrical or tapered plug with bore. Two main types:
| Plug type | Lubrication | Service |
|---|---|---|
| Non-lubricated sleeved (PTFE/PFA sleeve) | None | Chemical, polymer (no contamination) |
| Lubricated tapered | Grease through ports | Hot HC, sour service, abrasive |
| Eccentric / half-plug | None | Slurry, sewage, scale |
| Lift-plug | Plug lifts off seat before rotation | High-cycle, abrasive |
| Expanding gate (related) | Two-piece slab + spreader | Pipeline DB&B |
| Multi-port | 3-way / 4-way | Sample, diversion |
Major mfrs: Flowserve Durco (sleeved + lubricated), Pentair Tufline / Xomox (sleeved), DeZurik PEC/PEF (eccentric), Emerson Bettis (high-pressure), Audco lubricated, Walworth.
7. Diaphragm and Pinch Valves
Diaphragm — elastomer or PTFE diaphragm separates wet path from bonnet:
| Style | Body shape | Service |
|---|---|---|
| Weir | Saunders pattern with raised weir | Sanitary, biotech, FDA — easy CIP/SIP |
| Straight-through | Flat-bottom body | Slurry, abrasive, sludge |
| Saunders-pattern bioprocess | Weir with bowed diaphragm | ASME BPE, USP Class VI |
Diaphragm materials: EPDM, NBR, FKM, CSM, Butyl, Natural Rubber, PTFE (TFM 1600 / 1705) with elastomer backing.
Major mfrs: Saunders (Crane), GEMÜ, ITT Pure-Flo / Engineered Valves, Burkert, Garlock, Spence Engineering, ASCO (Emerson), KMC.
Pinch — flexible elastomer sleeve squeezed by mechanical or pneumatic pressure:
| Style | Actuation | Service |
|---|---|---|
| Mechanical pinch | Hand-wheel screw squeezes plates | Slurry, mining, dosing |
| Open-body pneumatic | Air pressure in housing squeezes sleeve | Abrasive, fast cycling |
| Enclosed pneumatic | Sleeve inside housing | Cement, food, pneumatic conveying |
Major mfrs: Red Valve (Onyx), AKO, Larox (Metso), Goyen-Mecair (BBA), Flowrox (now Valmet).
8. Check Valves
Self-actuated by flow direction.
| Type | Mechanism | Service / Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Swing check | Hinged disk swings in line | Horizontal, low-pressure-drop; risk of slam on rapid reversal |
| Tilting disk | Disk pivots about offset axis; balanced | Reduces slam; mid-pressure liquid + gas |
| Lift check (piston or ball) | Disk lifts vertically; spring-loaded | Vertical lines, small bore |
| Dual-plate / wafer / split-disk | Two semicircular plates hinged on center axle, spring-loaded | Compact, low slam — pipeline, raw water, condenser cooling |
| Ball check | Ball seats by gravity / spring | Small-bore sludge, dosing pump discharge, sump |
| Stop-check | Combined globe + check (lifts off seat with stem) | Boiler header isolation + non-return |
| Nozzle / axial-flow / silent | Disk on spring inside Venturi body | Fast closure, minimal slam; pumps with NPSH-critical suction recirc — Mokveld, Goodwin, DFT, Noreva |
| Diaphragm check | Elastomer flapper | Sanitary, sewage |
| Foot valve | Lift check with strainer | Pump suction inlet (lift pumps) |
Slam minimization for fast-deceleration systems (parallel pump trip): nozzle / silent check + dashpot, or spring-assisted dual-plate.
Major mfrs: Crane (Pacific, Centerline), Mission Magnum, Mokveld, Goodwin, DFT, Noreva, Velan, KITZ, Bonney Forge, Powell, IMI Truflo, Trillium Flow (formerly Weir Valves & Controls — TRICENTRIC, ATWOOD & MORRILL, Hopkinsons).
9. Pressure-Relief, Safety, and Rupture-Disk Devices
9.1 Spring-Loaded Pressure-Relief Valve (PRV / PSV / SRV)
API 526 + ASME BPVC Section VIII + ISO 4126.
| Variant | Use |
|---|---|
| Conventional (un-balanced) | Liquid + vapor service, low back-pressure (< 10% of set) |
| Balanced bellows | Compensates variable back-pressure (up to 50% set); flammable / toxic relief into closed flare header |
| Pilot-operated PRV | Pilot senses inlet pressure; main valve opens fully at set; tight shutoff to 95% set; high-pressure gas |
| Liquid trim (API 526 L) | Liquid service, modulating disk |
| Combination safety relief (SRV) | Pop action then modulating |
| Modulating action safety | Closed-flare service, ISO 4126-5 |
Set pressure, accumulation (typically 10% liquid, 21% gas/fire), blowdown (typically 7%) — per ASME Section VIII Div 1.
ASME orifice letters: D / E / F / G / H / J / K / L / M / N / P / Q / R / T (API 526 orifice areas, smallest D = 0.110 in² to largest T = 26.0 in²).
Set-pressure tolerance: ±3% (≥ 70 psig set), ±2 psig (< 70 psig set) per ASME Sec VIII / API 527.
Seat-leakage: API 527 — soft-seated zero leak at 90% set; metal-seated 30 bubbles/min at 90%.
Major mfrs:
- Emerson Crosby — JOS-E (conventional), J Series, Style 800 (pilot-operated)
- Emerson Anderson Greenwood — Pilot-operated 90/93/95/96/200 series; balanced bellows POSRV
- Leser (Germany) — High-performance, Compact, Modulate-Action
- Bopp & Reuther (Germany) — SiZ pilot-operated
- Sempell (Curtiss-Wright) — power-cycle valves; boiler safety
- Dresser Consolidated (Baker Hughes) — Type 1900 + 1500 power-actuated
- Farris (Curtiss-Wright) — 2600 conventional, 4000 bellows
- IMI Bailey, Spence Engineering, Mercer-Pennsylvania
- Hoerbiger, Schroedahl (CIRCOR) — power-cycle + pump-minimum-flow valves
9.2 Rupture Disk
Single-event burst-pressure device. Mounted in disk-holder; often in series with PRV for isolation + zero-leak primary.
| Type | Mechanism | Use |
|---|---|---|
| Forward-acting tension | Domed disk, scored or solid | Low-pressure, gas |
| Reverse-buckling | Compression-loaded, scored on convex side; lower burst tolerance | Higher-cycle service, more accurate (5%) |
| Composite (graphite / metal) | Multi-layer | Corrosive, high cycle |
| Graphite monoblock | Solid graphite, machined | HCl, HF, severe corrosive |
| Flat scored | — | Low-pressure, large bore |
| Bi-directional | Two-way burst | Vacuum + pressure |
Major mfrs: BS&B Safety Systems, Continental Disc Corp (CDC), Fike, Oseco (CIRCOR), Donadon SDD.
9.3 Power-Cycle Safeties
ASME Section I (boilers + power) — Crosby HE/HSJ; Dresser 1700; Sempell; Bopp & Reuther; Farris.
9.4 Breather / Vacuum-Pressure Valves
Tank vents — Protectoseal, Groth, Emerson Enardo, Shand & Jurs, Pres-Vac (LNG carrier).
10. Control Valves
Modulating valves designed for throttling. Globe-style dominant; ball / butterfly used at higher Cv.
10.1 Inherent Flow Characteristic
| Characteristic | Definition | Use |
|---|---|---|
| Linear | Cv ∝ stem travel | Liquid level, constant ΔP across valve |
| Equal-percentage (=%) | Equal stem increments give equal % change in Cv | Pressure / temperature loops; variable ΔP across valve (most common process duty) |
| Quick-opening | Most Cv early in travel | On-off bypass, surge |
| Modified parabolic | Hybrid linear / =% | Some HVAC, mid-range |
Installed characteristic = inherent × authority (DPv / DPtotal). Authority < 0.25 distorts =% into near-linear — typically undesirable.
10.2 Cv and Kv
- Cv (US): flow of water (gpm) through valve at 1 psi ΔP at 60°F. Cv ≈ 1.17 × Kv.
- Kv (metric): flow of water (m³/h) through valve at 1 bar ΔP at 5–40 °C.
- ISA SP75.01 / IEC 60534-2-1 — valve sizing equations
- Cv for liquid: Cv = Q × √(SG / ΔP)
- Cv for gas: per IEC choked-flow + expansion-factor Y; mass-flow form
Choked flow (critical pressure drop): ΔP_choked = FL² × (P1 − FF × Pv). FL = liquid pressure-recovery factor (0.85 globe; 0.9 angle; 0.7 ball / butterfly).
10.3 Trims and Severe-Service Cages
For high-ΔP gas, multi-stage pressure letdown, cavitating + flashing liquid:
| Trim style | Principle | Vendor flagship |
|---|---|---|
| Cage with characterized window | Multi-port flow window in cage | Fisher easy-e, EZ, ED |
| Multi-stage / multi-step cage | Series resistance to break ΔP | CCI DRAG, Emerson Whisper Trim, Copes-Vulcan Plug-Trol |
| Tortuous-path / labyrinth | Multi-turn channels; CCI DRAG Velocity Control | IMI CCI DRAG, Emerson WhisperFlo, Mokveld RZD |
| Anti-cavitation | Multi-step pressure breakdown to keep p > p_v | Fisher Cavitrol I/II/III/IV, Flowserve Valtek MegaStream, CCI DRAG |
| Low-noise (gas) | Diffuser + cage with 30+ ports | Fisher Whisper Trim III/Whisper Disk, Emerson WhisperFlo, IMI CCI DRAG, Flowserve Mark One CavControl |
| V-ball / segment ball | Quarter-turn with V-notched ball | Fisher V150/V300/Vee-Ball, Neles RotaryGlobe, Metso (Valmet) Neles |
| Eccentric rotary | Rotary plug eccentric to seat | Fisher Vee-Ball + Camflex, Emerson Vanessa, Metso/Neles R |
| HP/HT severe ball | Metal-seated trunnion | IMI Z&J, Mokveld RZD-Q, Argus FK |
Trim leakage classes (ANSI/FCI 70-2 / IEC 60534-4):
| Class | Max leakage | Service |
|---|---|---|
| I | by agreement | not commonly used |
| II | 0.5% of Cv | un-trimmed metal seat |
| III | 0.1% Cv | metal seat, standard |
| IV | 0.01% Cv | precision metal seat, control globes |
| V | 5×10⁻⁴ × ΔP × seat dia (very tight metal) | severe-service ball, gate |
| VI | bubble-tight elastomer / PTFE seat | shutoff service |
10.4 Control-Valve OEMs
- Emerson Fisher — easy-e (control valve gold standard), 656/657 actuator + Fieldvue DVC6200 / DVC7200 digital positioner
- Flowserve Valtek + Logix — Mark One, MaxFlo (rotary), CavControl
- Emerson Baumann — sanitary + small-bore
- Samson (Germany) — 240 / 241 / 290 series, TROVIS positioner
- Metso / Neles (Valmet) — V-port ball, segment ball, Neles ND9000 positioner
- Koso Hammel-Dahl, Koso Mark V
- Flowserve Kammer + Argus
- Spirax Sarco — steam + thermal control
- IMI CCI — severe-service DRAG, anti-cavitation
- Mokveld (NL) — axial-flow control + RZD severe
- Masoneilan (Baker Hughes) — Camflex (rotary), 21000 globe
- ARI-Armaturen (DE) — Stevi
- Burkert (DE) — sanitary + small process
11. Actuation
11.1 Manual
- Handwheel (multi-turn for globe / gate)
- Lever (quarter-turn for ball / butterfly / plug)
- Gear operator (bevel + worm; reduces handwheel torque on large bore)
- Chainwheel (overhead valves)
- Locking devices (lockout-tagout — Brady, Master Lock)
11.2 Pneumatic
| Style | Description |
|---|---|
| Linear diaphragm + spring | Globe-valve actuator; spring-opposed multi-spring; Fisher 657/667, Samson Type 3271, Flowserve Valtek 25/50 |
| Linear piston | Higher thrust globe / gate; Bettis G-series, Limitorque LY |
| Quarter-turn rack-and-pinion | Single piston with rack; double-acting or spring-return; Bray S91/S92, Rotork CP, Flowserve Automax |
| Quarter-turn scotch yoke | High torque; Bettis CB/CBA, Limitorque HBC, Rotork GP/GH, Emerson EHO, Hytork |
| Vane-style quarter-turn | Compact, lower torque; Kinetrol, ATOS |
| Spring-return fail-safe | Spring drives valve to fail-open or fail-closed on air loss |
| Double-acting (DA) | Air both directions; uses solenoid + airset |
11.3 Electric (Motor-Operated Valves — MOVs)
| Class | Description | Vendors |
|---|---|---|
| Multi-turn (gate / globe) | AC/DC motor + worm gearbox + thrust bearing | Rotork IQ / NA, Limitorque MX / SMB / SB / QX, Auma SA / SAR, Emerson Bettis EHO, AMG-Pesch |
| Quarter-turn | Output 90° rotation | Rotork IQT, Limitorque QX, Auma SQ / SQR, Bettis Q-series |
| Linear | Lead screw or ball-screw drive | Beck Electric (Group), Rotork CVA, Exlar |
| Modulating | Continuous positioning, 4-20 mA / fieldbus | Rotork CVL, Auma SARV, Beck 11-200 |
Standards: IEC 60214 + IEEE 382 (nuclear), API 6DX (pipeline electric).
11.4 Hydraulic
- Subsea pipeline + wellhead: BettisHydraulic, Rotork HQ, Cameron / OneSubsea
- Surface: Bettis G-Series + hydraulic conversion
- Energy-storage spring + hydraulic for fast trip on ESD
11.5 Solenoid Pilot
- ASCO (Emerson) — Red-Hat 8210/8320/8345; intrinsically safe
- Parker Skinner / Lucifer
- Bürkert
- Festo / SMC / CKD — pneumatic-system solenoids
- Bifold (Rotork) — high-pressure hydraulic + pneumatic
- Versa, GEMS — process + custom
11.6 Smart Positioners
- Emerson Fisher DVC6200 / DVC7200 (HART, FOUNDATION Fieldbus, PROFIBUS PA, WirelessHART)
- Samson TROVIS 3730 / 3793
- Flowserve Logix 3400 / 3800 IQ
- Siemens SIPART PS2 (universal)
- ABB PositionMaster EDP300 / TZIDC
- Metso/Neles ND9000, Valmet 1000/2000
- Foxboro / Schneider Eckardt SRD960 / SRD991
12. Standards Reference
12.1 Body / Construction
| Standard | Title |
|---|---|
| API 600 | Bolted-bonnet steel gate valves for refinery service |
| API 602 | Compact forged steel gate, globe, check valves for refinery (small bore ≤ NPS 4) |
| API 603 | Class 150 corrosion-resistant gate valves |
| API 6A | Wellhead + Christmas-tree equipment |
| API 6D | Pipeline + piping valves |
| API 6DX | Actuator-integrated pipeline valves |
| API 6FA / 6FB / 6FC / 6FD | Fire-test specifications |
| API 526 | Flanged steel pressure-relief valves |
| API 527 | Seat tightness of PRV |
| API 594 | Check valves: flanged, lug, wafer, butt-welding |
| API 598 | Valve inspection and testing |
| API 599 | Metal plug valves — flanged and welding |
| API 607 | Fire-test for quarter-turn soft-seated valves |
| API 608 | Metal ball valves — flanged + butt-welding |
| API 609 | Butterfly valves — lug + wafer |
| API 622 / 624 | Type-test for low-emission stem packing (rising-stem & quarter-turn) |
| ASME B16.34 | Valves — flanged, threaded, welding end (pressure-temp ratings) |
| ASME B16.10 | Face-to-face / end-to-end dimensions |
| ASME B16.5 / B16.47 | Flanges + flanged fittings |
| ASME BPVC Sec VIII | Pressure-vessel + PRV |
| MSS-SP-25/55/61/70/72/82/118 | Marking, NDE, hydro, gate valves |
12.2 Performance
| Standard | Title |
|---|---|
| ISO 5208 | Industrial valves — pressure testing |
| ISO 5752 | Face-to-face dimensions |
| ISO 14313 / API 6D | Pipeline valves |
| ISO 10497 | Fire-test |
| ISO 15848-1/2 | Fugitive emission — production and type test |
| FCI 70-2 / IEC 60534-4 | Seat-leakage classes I–VI |
| IEC 60534 | Industrial-process control valves (sizing, noise, characteristics) |
| IEC 60534-8-3 / -4 | Aerodynamic noise + hydrodynamic noise |
| ISA SP75 | Control valve standards series |
| NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156 | Sour service materials |
12.3 Specialty
| Standard | Title |
|---|---|
| ISO 4126 | Pressure-relief devices |
| ASME PTC 25 | PRV performance test code |
| EN 12266 | EU valve test |
| EN 12516 | EU valve body shell rating |
| 3-A Sanitary | Dairy + food + biotech (hygienic valves) |
| ASME BPE | Bioprocess equipment |
13. Materials of Construction (Common)
| Material | UNS / ASTM | Service |
|---|---|---|
| Cast carbon steel | WCB (A216) | General HC, water ≤ 425 °C |
| Cast 1¼Cr-½Mo | WC6 (A217) | Mild high-temp HC |
| Cast 2¼Cr-1Mo | WC9 (A217) | Higher temp HC |
| Cast 5Cr-½Mo | C5 (A217) | Sulfur HC |
| Cast 9Cr-1Mo-V | C12A (A217) | Power, steam ≥ 540 °C |
| 304 / 304L SS | CF8 / CF3 (A351) | Mild corrosion |
| 316 / 316L SS | CF8M / CF3M (A351) | Chlorides, mild HCl |
| 317 / 317L SS | — | Higher Mo |
| 254 SMO (6Mo) / AL-6XN | CK3MCuN (A351) | Sea water, chloride pitting |
| Duplex 2205 | CD3MN (A890 Gr 4A) | Sea water, chloride |
| Super-duplex 2507 | CE3MN / CD4MCuN (A890 Gr 5A, 1B) | Aggressive sea water, FGD |
| Monel 400 | M-30C (A494) | HF acid, sea water |
| Alloy 20 | CN7M (A744) | Sulfuric acid |
| Hastelloy C-276 | CW-12MW / CW-2M (A494) | HCl, oxidizing |
| Hastelloy B-3 | N10675 | Strong HCl |
| Inconel 625 | CW-6MC | High-temp + chloride |
| Titanium | Ti CP / Gr 2 / Gr 5 (A1066, B381) | Chlorine, sea water |
| PTFE-lined steel | — | HCl, HF, chemical service |
| Ductile iron | A395 / A536 | Water, sewage |
| Bronze (gunmetal) | C92200 | Marine, fire-water |
| Aluminum bronze | C95400 | Sea water |
14. Fugitive Emissions (Low-E)
Drivers: EPA Method 21 (40 CFR Part 60), TA-Luft 2021, ISO 15848.
- Standard threshold: 100 ppm (TA-Luft) for VOCs at stem
- Low-E packing: graphite + flexible-graphite-with-anti-extrusion, Belleville live-loaded
- Vendors: John Crane SmartGland / LiveLoad, Garlock 9000 EVSP, Chesterton ESP / 1622 / 1830
- Bellows-sealed stems — zero emissions (welded metal bellows)
- API 622 / API 624 / ISO 15848 type-test certifies packing through thermal-cycle + mechanical-cycle
15. Trims for Severe Service — Cross-Reference
| Problem | Mechanism | Trim solutions |
|---|---|---|
| Cavitation | ΔP > p1 − pv; bubbles collapse on downstream face | Multi-stage anti-cav trim (Cavitrol, DRAG, MegaStream); choked-flow design |
| Flashing | p2 < pv; permanent vapor | Hardened trim (Stellite, CCC); angle body; high-erosion-resistance |
| Aerodynamic noise (gas) | High Mach in vena contracta | Whisper Trim, WhisperFlo, DRAG, diffuser cages, multi-hole sparger |
| Particulate erosion | Catalyst, slurry, sand | Tungsten carbide, ceramic trim, hardfaced; eccentric rotary; pinch |
| Coking / polymerization | High-temp HC; vinyl, EO, propylene oxide | Steam jacketed body, frequent stroking, dual-bonnet |
| Fast-stroke / surge | Fast-acting actuator with positioner; emergency shutdown (ESD) | High-thrust spring actuator + accumulator; nozzle check |
16. Pipeline + Pigging Considerations
- Full-bore through-conduit gate (slab gate) — pig-passable, double block & bleed
- Top-entry ball trunnion — in-line bonnet service without breaking weld
- Reduced port unacceptable for pigging launchers / receivers
- Pipeline-pig sensors mounted in special tap connections
- Class 600 / 900 / 1500 / 2500 ANSI / API ratings standard
17. Cryogenic and Specialty
- Extended bonnet (gas column above sub-zero process) keeps stem packing warm
- BS 6364 + ISO 28921 — cryo-valve testing
- Bray Z15, Velan VTC, Cameron WKM, Emerson Vanessa cryo, Habonim — LNG, LIN, LOX, LH2, ethylene
- Magnetic-drive sealless ball valves — no stem leakage
18. Major OEM Summary
| OEM | HQ | Strengths | Flagship lines |
|---|---|---|---|
| Emerson | USA | Control (Fisher), pressure relief (Crosby, Anderson Greenwood), isolation (Vanessa, KTM, Bettis, Vanessa, Keystone) | easy-e, J-series Crosby, Vanessa Series 30000, DVC6200 |
| Flowserve | USA | Control (Valtek), isolation (Durco, Edward, Argus, Atomac, Adams), severe service | Mark One, MaxFlo, Edward, Adams TOV |
| Velan | Canada | API 600/602 gate-globe-check, nuclear, cryo | Velan Cryo, ABV triple-offset, Nuclear |
| Cameron / OneSubsea (SLB) | USA | Pipeline + wellhead (API 6A/6D) | ORBIT (ball), WKM, Grove, DEMCO |
| Bray | USA | Butterfly, ball, actuators | Series 20/22/30/35, McKanick TOV, S91/S92 actuator |
| KITZ | Japan | Process + nuclear | 5K/10K/20K/SCS, EKO low-E |
| IMI | UK | Severe service (CCI DRAG, Z&J, Bopp & Reuther, Truflo) | DRAG, Z&J severe-service ball |
| Pentair / Trillium Flow | USA / UK | After Pentair divestiture 2024: Trillium = TRICENTRIC, Atwood & Morrill, Hopkinsons, Vanessa (legacy), Roto-Jet, Hopkinsons; Pentair = Anderson Greenwood, Tyco | TRICENTRIC TOV |
| Samson | Germany | Control valves + positioners | 240 / 241 / TROVIS |
| Crane Co. (ChemPharma + Saunders + Pacific) | USA / UK | Chemical, sanitary, marine | Saunders A/M/HC, Pacific |
| Metso / Valmet / Neles | Finland | Rotary control valves + ball + butterfly | Neles, Jamesbury, Quadra-Powr |
| Baker Hughes (Masoneilan + Consolidated + Dresser) | USA | Control + PRV | Camflex, 21000, Type 1900 PRV |
| Rotork | UK | Electric, fluid-power actuators | IQ, CK, CP/CMA, GP |
| Auma | Germany | Electric multi-turn + quarter-turn | SA, SQ, SAR |
| Limitorque (Flowserve) | USA | Electric multi-turn + quarter-turn | MX, QX, SMB, SB |
| Bettis (Emerson) | USA | Pneumatic + hydraulic + electric | G/CB scotch-yoke, EHO, RPE |
| Bopp & Reuther | Germany | PRV + control | SiZ pilot, Si63 |
| Leser | Germany | PRV | High Performance, Modulate |
| Curtiss-Wright (Sempell + Farris + Dresser legacy) | USA / DE | Power-cycle PRV | Sempell Boiler, Farris 2600 |
| Spirax Sarco | UK | Steam + condensate + traps + control | DP17, BSAT, Spira-trol |
| Mokveld | NL | Axial-flow control + check | RZD, RJX, RAA |
| Habonim | Israel | Cryo + instrument ball | C-29, 71 series |
| Saunders (Crane ChemPharma) | UK | Diaphragm | A/M/HC, KB |
| GEMÜ | Germany | Diaphragm + multi-port + sanitary | 651/653/673 |
| ASCO (Emerson) | USA | Solenoid pilots | 8210, 8320, 8345, Numatics |
| Parker | USA | Instrument + solenoid + hydraulic | Skinner, Schrader Bellows, Hannifin |
| Swagelok | USA | Instrument ball + needle + check + bellows | 40-series, 60-series, 4Z |
| Hoke | USA (Circor) | Instrument | 7600 ball, 1700 needle |
| Burkert | Germany | Process + sanitary + control | Element 2030, 2031 |
| DeZurik | USA | Eccentric plug + butterfly (water + wastewater + slurry) | PEC, PEF, BHP, BAW |
| Goodwin | UK | Check valves (heavy industrial + nuclear) | DRV (axial check) |
| Red Valve | USA | Pinch + check (rubber-lined slurry) | Onyx pinch |
19. Common Pitfalls
- Throttling a gate valve: seat-and-disk erosion, vibration, premature failure; specify globe or control valve
- Specifying butterfly for high-ΔP gas: noise, vibration, seat damage; ΔP > ~5 bar warrants metal-seat TOV
- Ignoring valve authority in control loops: authority < 0.25 makes equal-percentage look linear; over-sized control valve never modulates near top of stroke
- Choking flow uncalculated for gas / steam control valves: actual flow capped at choked condition regardless of downstream pressure
- Cavitation ignored at part-load: pressure-drop across valve increases as flow decreases on flat-system curve; trim cavitates at low demand
- Selecting soft-seat ball for hot HC > seat temperature limit: PTFE creep + extrusion at high ΔP; metal seat required
- Pressure-relief inlet line pressure-drop > 3% set: chatter, premature wear; ASME UG-135 + API 521 limits
- Pilot-operated PRV with dirty service: pilot fouled and main fails to lift; needs filter + drain
- Bellows-sealed actuator with rotating output: bellows tear; bellows are for linear stems only
- Choosing fail-position incorrectly: cooling-water valve fail-closed could over-pressure heat-exchanger; review process safety (HAZOP)
- Triple-offset metal-seat in cold service: differential thermal contraction can open leak path — specify cryo-rated TOV
- Knife-gate in chemical service: sleeve elastomers degrade — specify all-metal seat
- Diaphragm valve at high temperature: elastomer life rapidly degraded > 80 °C for EPDM; specify PTFE / TFM